Judith Synofzik, Sebastian Heene, Rebecca Jonczyk, Cornelia Blume
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A physiological bioink suitable for a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) must not only ensure good printability but also induce cells to behave like in a native vascular vessel, including self-regenerative and growth functions. This review describes the general structure of vascular walls with wall-specific cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) components and biomechanical properties and functions. Furthermore, the physiological role of vascular ECM components for their interaction with vascular cells and the mode of interaction is introduced. Diverse currently available or imaginable bioinks are described from physiological matrix proteins to nonphysiologically occurring but natural chemical compounds useful for vascular bioprinting. The physiological performance of these bioinks is evaluated with regard to biomechanical properties postprinting, with a view to current animal studies of 3D printed vascular structures. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
三维(3D)打印和生物打印技术已经进入人们的视线,用于制造可替代本地组织和器官的可植入、可标准化的组织工程结构。这些组织工程结构旨在与患者的身体融为一体。血管组织工程(TE)与 TE 息息相关,因为它支持所有组织工程结构的持续供氧和营养。生物墨水具有特殊的作用,是可印刷性和血管细胞生长的必要介质。本综述旨在了解设计血管生物墨水的要求。首先,必须深入分析血管细胞与其原生环境的相互作用。适用于组织工程血管移植(TEVG)的生理性生物墨水不仅要确保良好的可印刷性,还要诱导细胞表现出与原生血管相同的行为,包括自我再生和生长功能。这篇综述介绍了血管壁的一般结构、血管壁特异性细胞和细胞外基质(ECM)成分以及生物力学特性和功能。此外,还介绍了血管 ECM 成分与血管细胞相互作用的生理作用以及相互作用的模式。从生理基质蛋白到可用于血管生物打印的非生理性天然化合物,介绍了目前可用或可想象的各种生物墨水。根据打印后的生物力学特性,对这些生物墨水的生理性能进行了评估,以期为当前的 3D 打印血管结构动物研究提供参考。最后,概述了进一步开发生物墨水的主要挑战、创建自组装生物墨水概念的合适生物墨水成分以及未来的生物打印战略。在讨论这些概念时,还讨论了它们是否适合作为 TEVG 的一部分,以及日后临床应用的巨大潜力。
Ink-structing the future of vascular tissue engineering: a review of the physiological bioink design
Three-dimensional (3D) printing and bioprinting have come into view for a plannable and standardizable generation of implantable tissue-engineered constructs that can substitute native tissues and organs. These tissue-engineered structures are intended to integrate with the patient’s body. Vascular tissue engineering (TE) is relevant in TE because it supports the sustained oxygenization and nutrition of all tissue-engineered constructs. Bioinks have a specific role, representing the necessary medium for printability and vascular cell growth. This review aims to understand the requirements for the design of vascular bioinks. First, an in-depth analysis of vascular cell interaction with their native environment must be gained. A physiological bioink suitable for a tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) must not only ensure good printability but also induce cells to behave like in a native vascular vessel, including self-regenerative and growth functions. This review describes the general structure of vascular walls with wall-specific cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) components and biomechanical properties and functions. Furthermore, the physiological role of vascular ECM components for their interaction with vascular cells and the mode of interaction is introduced. Diverse currently available or imaginable bioinks are described from physiological matrix proteins to nonphysiologically occurring but natural chemical compounds useful for vascular bioprinting. The physiological performance of these bioinks is evaluated with regard to biomechanical properties postprinting, with a view to current animal studies of 3D printed vascular structures. Finally, the main challenges for further bioink development, suitable bioink components to create a self-assembly bioink concept, and future bioprinting strategies are outlined. These concepts are discussed in terms of their suitability to be part of a TEVG with a high potential for later clinical use.
期刊介绍:
Bio-Design and Manufacturing reports new research, new technology and new applications in the field of biomanufacturing, especially 3D bioprinting. Topics of Bio-Design and Manufacturing cover tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, mechanical devices from the perspectives of materials, biology, medicine and mechanical engineering, with a focus on manufacturing science and technology to fulfil the requirement of bio-design.