Creativity and Innovation in the K-pop System and a Possible Link with Pansori

This study aims to distinguish between creativity and innovation in K-pop using a conceptual framework of the K-pop system and to examine if any traces of Korean traditional Pansori are found in K-pop. Innovation refers to successful implementation of creative ideas, and creative ideas without successful implementation are of no use in the business sector. A conceptual framework of the K-pop system, developed by the author, consists of enabling people, contents, system processes, and environments. This study identified eight innovative aspects of K-pop, which include manufacturing K-pop stars using a specific formula; providing government leadership for K-pop export; using well-balanced copyrights to encourage K-pop fans' social media sharing of their copycat versions; and embracing culturally hybrid K-pop music styles for global markets. K-pop's possible links with Pansori are found in K-pop singers' Grit, similar to Pansori singers' Gongryeok; and female K-pop idols willing to take personal sacrifices of “no dating” and “curfews,” resembling Pansori singers' “punishing effort.” Confucian influence on K-pop is traced in South Korea's top-down approaches by the government and music industries, and gender inequality imposed on female idols as the male gaze.