Chiastic thinking: A cognitive process closely related to Janusian thinking

This article aims to explore a way of thinking based on chiastic structure (X-shaped structure), chiastic thinking. Characterized by its juxtaposition of opposite structure, chiastic thinking has an intriguing connection to Janusian thinking. This is because Janusian thinking is deemed a creative process wherein two opposite concepts or images are conceived simultaneously. At the beginning of the article, conceptual combination and Janusian thinking are presented, along with empirical research data to support the effectiveness of Janusian thinking. The paper then shifts to a discussion of chiastic thinking, which occupies a unique place in human culture and civilization but does not receive due attention. In the last part of this article, the examples of chiastic thinking in literature, science, and art are provided. Across diverse disciplines, the combination of opposites manifests in various ways, often adopting different technical terms that give rise to different theories. These terms and theories may share fundamental commonalities but differ in certain aspects. The main purpose of this review article is to examine the close relation between Chiastic and Janusian thinking. Hopefully, this review article can rekindle the academic interest in these two thinking processes and give them new meaning.