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Psychiatrization in Czech lexical data: Everyday adjectives are acquiring clinical connotations
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101148
Vojtech Pisl
Interpreting ordinary experiences as symptoms of psychopathology may bias epidemiological numbers and undermine public mental health. Several studies document linguistic shifts underlying psychiatrization in English, but data from other languages are lacking. The current study hypothesizes that psychiatric terminology is increasingly used in everyday, non-clinical contexts while everyday adjectives describing normative mental states and traits are acquiring clinical connotations.
In an exploratory study utilizing computational linguistics, fragments of texts containing diagnostic (e.g. “ADHD” or “anorexia”), everyday psychological (e.g. “shy” or “sad”), or control keywords (e.g. “large” or “loud”) were retrieved from a large (>4bn words) corpus of Czech journalistic texts published offline between 1990 and 2022. A linguistic marker of the cultural aspects of psychiatrization was developed: clinicalness, calculated as lexical proximity to the clinical discourse using the wordscores algorithm. The expected correlation between time and clinicalness was measured by Kendall's coefficient for each of 46 keywords.
The frequency of use of diagnostic terms has been increasing in the Czech press between 1990 and 2022 (for the median keyword: τ = 0.74). The clinicaliness was increasing for everyday adjectives describing human emotions and behaviors (median τ = 0.07) and less so control adjectives (median τ = 0.03), but not in diagnostic terms (median τ = 0.01).
Our exploratory linguistic data are consistent with the notion of increasing psychiatrization of ordinary experiences but not with normalization of mental disorders. Confirmatory research is needed to verify the observed increase in pathologization of everyday adjectives describing emotions and behaviors.
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引用次数: 0
What happens to representatives during family constellations? Attempts at explanation and comparison with other difficult-to-explain phenomena
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101147
Yolanda Alonso , Gonzalo-Andrés Jiménez
Despite the considerable controversy surrounding family constellations, this psychotherapeutic method has experienced significant growth over the past thirty years. Traditionally, family constellations are conducted in a group format in sessions called “constellations”, wherein certain individuals act as representatives for the family members of other participants. During these sessions, a phenomenon known in some literature as “surrogate perceptions” normally occurs, in which the representatives experience internal states that align with significant attitudes or life situations of the individuals they represent. Although there is substantial anecdotal evidence for this phenomenon, it has not been empirically studied, lacks a logical explanation, and appears to contravene the principle of locality in physics. This paper draws comparisons between surrogate perceptions and other exceptional phenomena documented in scientific literature, such as extended states of consciousness, telepathy, and synchronicity. It also critically reviews various attempts to explain the phenomenon, including theories involving mirror neurons, quantum physics, embodied memory, the collective unconscious, and formative causation. The paper provides a description of surrogate perceptions as changes triggered in an interpersonal process in which the explicit request to put oneself in the place of another specific person plays an essential role. Finally, potential avenues for future research are outlined.
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引用次数: 0
Re-enchanting mirror neurons through lexical changes
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101145
Da Dong , Tongwei Liu , Wei Chen
Recent statistical data seem to indicate that mirror neurons have not maintained their early illustrious image in the scientific community. We start our discussion by looking back at the conceptual history of “mirror neuron,” paying special attention to the shifting meanings of highly related words in the current scientific landscape. These semantic changes demonstrate that, even if not entirely sufficient on their own, the study of mirror neurons remains central to the scientific revolution unfolding within cognitive sciences, as revealed through the analysis in this paper. Thus, in the later part of this paper, we find that the meanings of three fundamental words related to mirror neurons, “mirror,” “action,” and “understanding,” have begun to shift.
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引用次数: 0
Actions Speak Louder than outcomes leading to ineffective altruism
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2025.101146
Jiaxin Ma , Xiaoyong Hu
Altruism is the intentional and voluntary act of benefiting others. However, altruists often overlook the effects and impacts of their actions, leading to suboptimal or even detrimental outcomes. This phenomenon, termed ineffective altruism, has been attributed to psychological deficits, such as motivational and cognitive impairments. In this article, we adopt a moral cognitive approach and develop an integrated model of action/outcome value decision-making from an adaptive perspective to elucidate the mechanism of ineffective altruism. our model suggests that warm-glow and reputation enhance the action value of altruism, while cognitive biases reduce the effective outcome value that benefits others. The article concludes with a discussion of how action values and outcome values relate and balance each other and analyzes how different strategies of trading off these values affect individuals and society.
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引用次数: 0
Face perception and synchrony disruption in theatre masks
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101143
Samuel Viana Meyler , Scott M. Rennie
This paper examines some of the psychological and perceptual foundations that underpin the use of theatre masks, proposing that part of their power stems from two intertwined evolutionary adaptations: face processing architecture in the brain and our natural tendency toward social synchrony.
We focus on two specific types of theatre masks used by theatre pedagogue Jacques Lecoq (1921–1999): larval masks and half-masks. Using these as examples, we argue that theatre masks leverage our finely-tuned sensitivity to faces by seamlessly engaging the neural networks responsible for rapid face detection and emotional inference. Furthermore, the masks interfere with our ability for social synchronisation, which encourage performers to broaden their range of embodied expression. This has the potential to significantly boost the ‘performative toolkit’ of actors-in-training. For the audience, the masks disrupt synchrony by obscuring facial details and creating cognitive ambiguities, complicating the audience's interpretative process and thereby enhancing engagement and the aesthetic experience.
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引用次数: 0
The trip from metaphor to reality and back
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101144
Joseph Glicksohn
The focus of the present paper is the relationship between metaphor and altered state of consciousness (ASC) characterized by trance. I reconsider two somewhat old ideas that might well have been premature for their time. One is that the mode of thinking in an ASC characterized by trance is metaphoric-symbolic. I argue that this is itself reflective of a heightened physiognomic perception. Furthermore, in such an ASC, an alternative world “becomes physiognomically alive”, and it is this alternative world which is expressed in poetic metaphor. In line with three major ideas expressed in Gestalt psychology, this is so because that is the way we think and perceive in a trancelike ASC, and because that is the alternative world that we now encounter in the trancelike ASC.
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引用次数: 0
Unveiling the influence of disciplinary biases on information sampling during an interdisciplinary collaboration creative task through eye-tracking analysis
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101129
Letty Y.-Y Kwan, Yu Sheng Hung
Collaboration across different disciplines (interdisciplinary collaboration) is necessary for frame-breaking innovations. However, successfully implementing such often requires individuals to sample ideas outside their disciplinary knowledge. In the past, studies tend to show that individuals inevitably show bias in using their disciplinary knowledge due to disciplinary socialization. The current research proposes that disciplinary centrism is not inevitable and can be attenuated when participants do not perceive disciplinary values across disciplines to have incommensurable differences. In an eye-tracking experiment, I show that participants who held a high (versus low) perception of value differences across disciplinary knowledge would focus on their disciplinary information more (versus less) during the information sampling stage in a creativity task. The study provides implications on how to improve interdisciplinary collaboration and highlights how information is being selected and used in the informational processing stage during a creative task.
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引用次数: 0
The importance of the null hypothesis in the formulation of theory in media psychology
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101142
Tom Grimes , Jon Lasser
Sixty years of media violence research illustrates what can go wrong when the null hypothesis is ignored. Without the null’s restraining effect, researchers assumed that media violence could trigger behavioral aggression among all consumers. Thus researchers probed for types of aggression media violence motivated, not whether it motivated aggression in the first place. A null hypothesis, taken seriously, would have led to a nuanced, finer grained treatment of media violence's effects. Third variables such as background psychopathologies can interact with media violence to incite behavioral aggression among vulnerable consumers. Psychologically well individuals, on the other hand, appear to suffer no psychopathological effects. There is now pressure on social media scholars to ignore the null and assume that all users are pathologically vulnerable to social media. We show how seven methodological mistakes made it easy to quash the null and skip directly to presumed effects.
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引用次数: 0
If you don't problematize it, you won't see it, and you won't understand it
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101141
Brahim Hiba
This paper critically redefines problematization as both a research method and a transformative approach to critical thinking, positioning it as a pivotal modus operandi that transcends the limitations of conventional research practices. Diverging from traditional established research methods focused on gap-spotting and incremental contributions, this paper underscores problematization's unique capacity to interrogate and disrupt the foundational assumptions underpinning existing knowledge structures. By doing so, it drives researchers to reimagine and expand the horizons of scholarly inquiry. Grounded in the intellectual contributions of Nietzsche, Foucault, Marx, Heidegger, Deleuze, and Lacan, this paper addresses the theoretical limitations of the discourse about problematization, often clouded by complex philosophical jargon, while dismantling misconceptions about its nature and application. Beyond theoretical exploration, this paper introduces a practical framework that integrates innovative metaphors, discursive clarity, and actionable strategies. This framework is tailored to empower doctoral students and early-career researchers, equipping them with a taxonomy of epistemological and critical questions for effectively problematizing research problems. The research questions guiding this paper investigate how problematization can be reinterpreted and operationalized to challenge the ideological and power dynamics within dominant research paradigms. Furthermore, this paper explores how a multi-modal approach—combining rhizomatic, genealogical, visual, metaphorical, and ecological thinking—can deepen the practice of problematization.
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引用次数: 0
Artificial intelligence in lie detection: Why do cognitive theories matter? 人工智能测谎:认知理论为何重要?
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2024.101128
Philip Tseng , Tony Cheng
In the field of psychological research on deception detection, the rise of machine learning algorithms, or artificial intelligence (AI), has sparked discussions about its potential benefits and risks. Most researchers argue strongly for the inclusion of good theories in the design, training, and application phases of AI. In this letter we ask an important follow-up question: what makes a good theory? And why do they matter in detecting deception? To this end, we argue that mechanism-driven, and cognitively-informed, theories are the ones AI researchers need to be looking for. This is particularly important in deception detection, where false positives and negatives can result in irreversible legal consequences. Crucially, mechanism-driven theories allow us to know 1) what features are we extracting (e.g., a particular facial expression in time, higher peak in P300, etc.)? And importantly, 2) how are these features related (subordinate or superordinate) to the entity we are inferring (e.g., memory recognition, anxiety, or deception)? Answers to these questions can help forensic experts anticipate where the majority of our AI's mistakes are (i.e., false negatives or false positives), and allow nonexperts such as policymakers to adjust decision-making criterion to compensate for such errors via legal or other means if needed be (e.g., a more liberal criterion for detecting deception during the investigation phase, but later switches to conservative criterion in court). These logical inferences all start from mechanistically and cognitively-informative theories.
在有关欺骗检测的心理学研究领域,机器学习算法或人工智能(AI)的兴起引发了有关其潜在益处和风险的讨论。大多数研究人员强烈主张在人工智能的设计、训练和应用阶段纳入良好的理论。在这封信中,我们提出了一个重要的后续问题:什么是好的理论?为什么它们对检测欺骗行为很重要?为此,我们认为,人工智能研究人员需要寻找的是以机制为驱动、以认知为基础的理论。这一点在欺骗检测中尤为重要,因为在欺骗检测中,假阳性和假阴性都可能导致无法挽回的法律后果。至关重要的是,机制驱动理论能让我们知道:1)我们正在提取哪些特征(例如,特定时间的面部表情、P300 的较高峰值等)?重要的是,2)这些特征与我们正在推断的实体(如记忆识别、焦虑或欺骗)是如何相关的(从属或上级)?这些问题的答案可以帮助法医专家预测人工智能的大部分错误(即假阴性或假阳性),并允许决策者等非专家在必要时通过法律或其他手段调整决策标准以弥补这些错误(例如,在调查阶段采用更宽松的标准来检测欺骗行为,但随后在法庭上改用保守的标准)。这些逻辑推论都是从机械和认知信息理论出发的。
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New Ideas in Psychology
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