A comparative study on biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from H. undatus fruit peel and their therapeutic applications.

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) gained significant impacts in various fields due to the use of eco-friendly approaches. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the aqueous extract of Hylocereus undatus fruit peel. The presence of AgNPs was analysed using characterization methods such as UV‒Vis, FTIR, GCMS, XRD, EDAX, and FESEM. The synthesized AgNPs showed greater antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans was greater than that against Candida tropicalis. The IC₅₀ value for the antibiofilm activity of the AgNPs was 2.81 µg/mL, whereas that of the H. undatus peel extract was 1.34 µg/mL. The invitro antioxidant activity of the AgNPs was evaluated using two different methods. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the AgNPs and fruit peel extract was observed with IC₅₀ values of 3.8 and 2.03 µg/mL respectively. On the other hand, nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were recorded and the IC₅₀ values were calculated to be 2.8 and 2.3 µg/mL. The AgNPs demonstrated thrombolytic activity in human blood with 10, 32.36, and 56.25% lysis. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was minimal, with an IC₅₀ of 0.2 µg/mL and the peel extract had the greatest cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ of 0.3 µg/mL. The findings of this study demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs from H. undatus peel extract could be potential candidates for treating prostate cancer.