Direct Fabrication of Electronic Circuits on Wooden Surfaces

Equipping otherwise passive surfaces with electronic functionality enables advanced interactive robotics, consumer products, sensor skins, and structural health monitoring. Concurrently, the rapidly growing number of electronic devices fuels the search for sustainable materials and processes that aid in reducing electronic waste. Wood is CO₂-neutral, omnipresent in the construction industry, in furniture, musical instruments, or packaging, yet so far, its potential for direct integration with electronics remains largely unexplored. Complications arise as traditional methods of equipping wood with electronics often compromise structural integrity and thus limit applications requiring load-bearing capabilities. Here, seamless fabrication methods that allow the direct enhancement of wooden surfaces with electrically conducting structures, sensors, and microelectronic components based on screen printing of conducting inks or physical vapor deposition of thin metal films in conjunction with laser engraving are presented. Such electronic circuits imperceptibly operate on the surface of structural elements or as parts of decorative wooden furniture. These types of electronic wooden surfaces enable touch-sensing applications, monitoring temperature, or the curing of varnishes without compromising functionality and mechanical stability. This multidisciplinary approach opens up new avenues for the development of smart wooden structures with embedded electronics, revolutionizing the way it is monitored, controlled, and interacted with wood-based constructions.