肯尼亚基安布县父母对儿童食物摄入量和营养状况的影响

Mutuura Caroline Hilda Karambu, D. M. Kigaru, Z. Ndung'u
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引用次数: 0

摘要

父母使用奖惩手段是强化或阻止儿童选择食物的关键,这也是影响个人一生营养状况的一个方面。根据肯尼亚 2019 年人口调查,肯尼亚人口为 47 564 296 人,其中 1.4% 为基安布省 Juja 子县的 6 岁在校儿童(肯尼亚国家统计局,2019 年)。本次调查采用横断面分析研究设计,对 384 对亲子进行了不成比例的抽样调查。研究人员发放问卷收集数据。数据分析采用 26.0 版 SРSS 软件,显著性 P<.05 。使用世界卫生组织 Anthro-Plus 调查分析器分析人体测量数据,并与目标人群的年龄体重指数 (BAZ)、年龄体重 (WAZ) 和年龄身高 (HAZ) 评分进行比较。采用皮尔逊相关性(r)建立关联。男孩占 48.0%,女孩占 52.0%,平均年龄为 6.4±0.1。近一半的指标儿童(45.1%)是头胎。平均家庭规模为 5.0±1.66 人,母亲的平均年龄为 34±4.9 岁,父亲的平均年龄为 39±4.8 岁。大多数母亲(73.0%)和父亲(76.1%)受过高等教育,在正规部门工作的父亲比母亲多,收入也较高。所有儿童(100%)都报告说,他们得到了奖励,如表扬(60.1%),而大多数儿童(92.0%)报告说,当他们拒绝进食时,母亲会以多种方式对他们进行惩罚,但有三分之一的父亲(61.0%)会表扬和奖励他们的孩子进食。在研究人群中观察到发育迟缓(6.9%)、体重不足(7.1%)、消瘦(7.2%)、超重(16.4%)和肥胖(11.7%)的发生率。研究发现,母亲的年龄与惩罚之间存在较强的正相关关系(P=0.05,x2=5.2),在已婚母亲中,大声威胁、禁足、施加疼痛和取消特权(P=0.05,x2=9.6)也很常见。更多受过高等教育(74.6%)和收入较高(40.5%)的父母会给予孩子天赋和特殊许可,这与孩子的食物选择(p=0.06,x2=4.33)和营养状况(p=0.04,x2=5.9)有较强的正相关关系。食物选择与营养状况(p=0.05)和饮食多样性(p=0.6)有较强的正相关关系。大多数家长表示,人口特征(83.8%)和社会经济特征(90.7%)影响了他们的家庭食物选择。几乎所有的母亲(98.8%)和一半以上的父亲(55.4%)认为,在饮食方面对研究对象子女的奖惩会影响他们的饮食选择和方法。
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Parenting Approaches on Children Food Uptake and Nutrition Status in Kiambu County, Kenya
Parental use of reward and punishment is a key to reinforcement or deterrence of food choices among children an aspect that affects nutritional status throughout an individual’s life span. Kenya has a population of 47,564,296 people according to demographic survey of Kenya 2019, of whom 1.4 % are school-going children aged 6-years in Juja Sub-County of Kiambu, (Kenya National Beural of Statistics,2019). Cross-sectional analytical research design was adopted on 384 parent-child pairs, who were disproportionately sampled. Researcher-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. SРSS software version 26.0 was used to analyse the data with significance p<.05. Anthropometry data was analysed using WHO Anthro-Plus Survey Analyzer and compared to BMI-for-age (BAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age (HAZ) Scores for the target population. Pearson’s correlation (r) was used to establish association. Boys were 48.0% while girls were 52.0% with a mean age of 6.4± 0.1. Almost half the index children (45.1%) were born first. Mean household size was 5.0± 1.66 with maternal mean age at 34± 4.9 years and that of the fathers at 39± 4.8 years. The majority of mothers (73.0%) and fathers (76.1%) had tertiary level of education with more fathers than the mothers in the formal sector of employment, with a higher income. All (100%) children reported being rewarded by receiving incentives like praise words (60.1%), while majority of them (92.0%) reported being punished in multiple ways by the mothers when they refused to feed yet a third of fathers (61.0%) praised and gifted their children to feed. Prevalence of stunting (6.9%), underweight (7.1%), wasting (7.2%), overweight (16.4%) and obesity (11.7%) was observed in the study population. A positive strong significant relationship (p=0.05, x2=5.2) between age of the mothers and punishment was noted, also shouting threats, grounding, inflicting pain & withdrawal of privileges (p=0.05, x2=9.6) was common among the married mothers. More parents with tertiary education (74.6%) and higher incomes (40.5%) gifted and gave special permissions which had a stronger positive relationship to food choices (p=0.06, x2=4.33) and nutritional status (p=0.04, x2=5.9). Food choices had a strong positive relationship to nutritional status (p=0.05) and so did dietary diversity (p=0.6). Majority of the parents reported that the demographic characteristics (83.8%) and Socio-economic characteristics (90.7%) affected their food choices as a household. Almost all mothers (98.8%) and more than half of the fathers (55.4%) felt that rewarding and punishing the study children in relation to food had an effect on their food choices and approaches
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