Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Norshahiera Khairul Adnan, Siti Fadhilah Ibrahim
{"title":"使用掺杂氧化锌的空果枝灰异构催化剂对废食用油进行光酯化反应","authors":"Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Norshahiera Khairul Adnan, Siti Fadhilah Ibrahim","doi":"10.2174/0124055204293369240221044511","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"\n\nWaste from the palm oil industry, such as empty fruit\nbunch ash (EFBA) and palm oil mill effluents (POME), is a type of biomass created\nduring the production of palm oil and produced in vast quantities. Due to the massive\namounts of empty fruit bunch ash produced because of the exponential rise in\nworldwide palm oil production, major plantations are having trouble disposing of\nthem.\n\n\n\nThe purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the ZnO-EFBA catalyst\nunder visible light irradiation for the photoesterification reaction and its physicochemical\nproperties of the photocatalyst that will be determined using TGA, SEMEDX,\nXRD and BET.\n\n\n\nThe biodiesel will be produced by using two steps which are photoesterification\nto reduce the FFA value in WCO and followed by transesterification to produce\nFAMEs. The photoesterification reactions were conducted using WCO under visible\nlight irradiation. Various parameters were examined, including different reaction times\nof 1 to 4 hours, different methanol to oil molar ratios of 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1, and\ndifferent ZnO-EFBA catalyst loadings ranging from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The obtained\nresults demonstrated that each WCO sample has a different optimum condition in the\nphotoesterification reaction. Moreover, it was observed that lower FFA values correlated\nwith higher biodiesel conversion rates in the transesterification reaction with\n79.06%, 77.72% and 73.33% for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.\n\n\n\nBy using EFBA as a heterogeneous catalyst doped with ZnO in the manufacturing\nof biodiesel, it helps to reduce the waste that the palm oil industry creates, limiting\nthe adverse effects on human health and environmental harm. Furthermore, biodiesel\nis a renewable, clean-burning alternative to petroleum fuel, which is domestically\nmanufactured\n\n\n\nThe use of biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, enhances\nthe environment and air quality, and offers safety advantages\n","PeriodicalId":20833,"journal":{"name":"Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering)","volume":"5 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Photoesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using ZnO Doped Empty\\nFruit Bunches Ash Heterogeneous Catalyst\",\"authors\":\"Norshahidatul Akmar Mohd Shohaimi, Norshahiera Khairul Adnan, Siti Fadhilah Ibrahim\",\"doi\":\"10.2174/0124055204293369240221044511\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"\\n\\nWaste from the palm oil industry, such as empty fruit\\nbunch ash (EFBA) and palm oil mill effluents (POME), is a type of biomass created\\nduring the production of palm oil and produced in vast quantities. Due to the massive\\namounts of empty fruit bunch ash produced because of the exponential rise in\\nworldwide palm oil production, major plantations are having trouble disposing of\\nthem.\\n\\n\\n\\nThe purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the ZnO-EFBA catalyst\\nunder visible light irradiation for the photoesterification reaction and its physicochemical\\nproperties of the photocatalyst that will be determined using TGA, SEMEDX,\\nXRD and BET.\\n\\n\\n\\nThe biodiesel will be produced by using two steps which are photoesterification\\nto reduce the FFA value in WCO and followed by transesterification to produce\\nFAMEs. The photoesterification reactions were conducted using WCO under visible\\nlight irradiation. Various parameters were examined, including different reaction times\\nof 1 to 4 hours, different methanol to oil molar ratios of 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1, and\\ndifferent ZnO-EFBA catalyst loadings ranging from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The obtained\\nresults demonstrated that each WCO sample has a different optimum condition in the\\nphotoesterification reaction. Moreover, it was observed that lower FFA values correlated\\nwith higher biodiesel conversion rates in the transesterification reaction with\\n79.06%, 77.72% and 73.33% for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.\\n\\n\\n\\nBy using EFBA as a heterogeneous catalyst doped with ZnO in the manufacturing\\nof biodiesel, it helps to reduce the waste that the palm oil industry creates, limiting\\nthe adverse effects on human health and environmental harm. Furthermore, biodiesel\\nis a renewable, clean-burning alternative to petroleum fuel, which is domestically\\nmanufactured\\n\\n\\n\\nThe use of biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, enhances\\nthe environment and air quality, and offers safety advantages\\n\",\"PeriodicalId\":20833,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering)\",\"volume\":\"5 2\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-03-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering)\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124055204293369240221044511\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124055204293369240221044511","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Photoesterification of Waste Cooking Oil using ZnO Doped Empty
Fruit Bunches Ash Heterogeneous Catalyst
Waste from the palm oil industry, such as empty fruit
bunch ash (EFBA) and palm oil mill effluents (POME), is a type of biomass created
during the production of palm oil and produced in vast quantities. Due to the massive
amounts of empty fruit bunch ash produced because of the exponential rise in
worldwide palm oil production, major plantations are having trouble disposing of
them.
The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of the ZnO-EFBA catalyst
under visible light irradiation for the photoesterification reaction and its physicochemical
properties of the photocatalyst that will be determined using TGA, SEMEDX,
XRD and BET.
The biodiesel will be produced by using two steps which are photoesterification
to reduce the FFA value in WCO and followed by transesterification to produce
FAMEs. The photoesterification reactions were conducted using WCO under visible
light irradiation. Various parameters were examined, including different reaction times
of 1 to 4 hours, different methanol to oil molar ratios of 12:1, 14:1, 16:1, and 18:1, and
different ZnO-EFBA catalyst loadings ranging from 0 wt.% to 8 wt.%. The obtained
results demonstrated that each WCO sample has a different optimum condition in the
photoesterification reaction. Moreover, it was observed that lower FFA values correlated
with higher biodiesel conversion rates in the transesterification reaction with
79.06%, 77.72% and 73.33% for samples 1, 2 and 3, respectively.
By using EFBA as a heterogeneous catalyst doped with ZnO in the manufacturing
of biodiesel, it helps to reduce the waste that the palm oil industry creates, limiting
the adverse effects on human health and environmental harm. Furthermore, biodiesel
is a renewable, clean-burning alternative to petroleum fuel, which is domestically
manufactured
The use of biodiesel as a vehicle fuel boosts energy security, enhances
the environment and air quality, and offers safety advantages