A comprehensive review on phytochemistry, pharmacology, preclinical, and clinical trials of Cydonia oblonga

Cydonia oblonga M. (Quince), a deciduous shrub from the family Rosaceae, has been recognized in the last decade mainly because of its potential to prevent/cure cancer, high cholesterol, blood sugar, chronic stress, peptic ulcer, liver injuries, asthma, and various fertility disorders. Several metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, polyphenols, carotenoids, lignans, stilbenes, triterpenoids, procyanidins, glycosides, and organic acids, have been identified as the major phytochemical components. Different parts of C. oblonga are known to demonstrate a broad spectrum of biological activities against numerous microbial infections, free radicals-mediated damages, cancer cells proliferation, lipid profile dysfunction, glucose metabolism disorder, lethal oxalocalcic kidney stones, hydatid cysts of protoscolices, and inflammatory diseases. In preclinical trials, neuro-protective, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing activities and protective effects on hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular tissue alteration, endocrine disruption, cardiotoxicity, depression, and blood pressure have been investigated for the valuable plant. The clinical studies explore the plant's potential to treat reproductive, respiratory, and gastrointestinal disorders and support using C. oblonga as a new herbal medicine. However, additional research is needed to unravel its intricate action mechanisms, evaluate safe dosing strategies, identify any adverse effects, and validate its pharmacological effects in a broad population over a longer timeframe before approving it as a new herbal treatment. In conclusion, the review presents detailed analyses of the phytochemistry, pharmacology, preclinical, and clinical trials of C. oblonga.