Mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in bone defects treatment

Introduction Bone defect management is a critical stage of treatment and rehabilitation that still remains a challenging problem for traumatologists and orthopaedists. The need for tissue engineering techniques is due to limited abilities of the human body to correct bone tissue autoregeneration, especially in comorbid and elderly patients with osteoporosis. Bone autografts is a gold standard in those cases but is associated with certain restrictions. Regenerative medicine and stem cell biology development opened up capabilities to employ new methods for enhancement of bone tissue repair. A special interest of researchers is focused on mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular vesicles for bone tissue regeneration optimization.Purpose of this review was to show mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes effeciency in bone defect treatment.Materials and methods Open electronic databases of scientific literature, PubMed and e-Library, were used. The literature data search was carried out using the keywords: regenerative medicine, bone defects, exosomes, mesenchymal stem cells.Results and discussion The review presents current ideas about mesenchymal stem cells, their microenvironment and exosomes influence on bone tissue repair. Clinical need in effective bone regeneration is still high. Mesenchymal stem cells and acellular regenerative treatments have shown good results in bone defects repair and are perspective directions. Productive use of mesenchymal stem cells and exosomes in bone defects treatment requires further study of their mechanisms of action, the regenerative techniques efficacy and safety evaluation in preclinical and clinical studies.Conclusion The use of mesenchymal stem cells and cell-free regenerative approaches has demonstrated good results in the restoration of bone tissue defects and is a promising direction.