Increased pastoralist livestock mobility is associated with large-scale rangeland restoration and soil carbon sequestration.

Semi-arid rangelands cover 40% of the earth's land surface, but their ecosystem services have declined due to, among other factors, increasingly sedentary livestock husbandry by pastoralists. Such degradation might be reversed by adopting frequent, large-scale livestock movements similar to those associated with traditional nomadic pastoralist habits but data to support this hypothesis is lacking. We report here the consequences of implementing a program to increase the mobility of livestock grazing across 2 million ha in northern Kenya from 2014-2021, as compared to conditions prior to the program, 2001-2013. Despite increased human populations and livestock numbers on the study area during the program, nearly 60% of 213 sampled locations experienced the single major grazing events per year intended by the grazing program in at least 6 out of 7 years, with accompanying rainfall-corrected increases in forage biomass and soil carbon sequestration. Locations where mobile grazing was less consistently applied experienced neither of these responses. We demonstrate that increasing mobility in grazing practices within large-scale pastoralist systems can be implemented to improve range condition and soils and consequently sequester substantial CO 2 in soil organic carbon.