Etiological Factors Contributing to Orbital and Oculoplastic Conditions at University Teaching Hospital in Zambia: A Comprehensive Analysis

Purpose: Orbital, Oculoplastic including Ocular Oncology are not only sight threatening but potentially life threatening. This study examines the causes of these conditions at University Teaching Hospitals-Eye Hospital in Lusaka Zambia. Methods: A retrospective review of 150 case files of patients with an Orbital, Oculoplastic and Ocular Oncology diagnosis presenting at UTHs-EH over a 4-year period, 2018-2021. Results: Of the 150 cases 54% were under the age of 40 years.  The most common condition seen was squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCC), usually confined to the globe, but sometimes spreading to the orbit. There was a positive association between HIV infection and SCC. Conclusion: This study at University Teaching Hospital revealed a spectrum of orbital and oculoplastic diseases, with Squamous Cell Carcinoma emerging as a predominant concern. The insights gained pave the way for enhanced service delivery.  These findings, while specific to Zambia, hold relevance for the broader African context, offering a basis for future assessments, interventions, and policy enhancements.