Impact of first- and second-hand smoking on cardiac diseases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: a preliminary cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION: Toxic agents from cigarette smoke can affect the cardiovascular system, especially coronary heart disease (CHD). The implication to the second-hand smoker was 80%–90%, similar to the first-hand smoker. This study aimed to provide preliminary data on the smoking effect among first- and second-hand smokers according to cardiac diseases in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by prospectively collecting data from two secondary hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The collected data were descriptively analyzed to compare the first- and second-hand smokers to the variables. ANOVA or the Mann- Whitney Test, was also used to obtain the correlation of each variable across both smoking groups. RESULTS: Among the 101 participants, we found that smoking habits can have a similar or even higher impact among second-hand smokers compared to first-hand smokers with respect to congestive heart failure (CHF) diagnoses (48% vs. 56%), IHD diagnoses (36% vs. 27.9%), suffering chest pain (39.3% vs. 27.8%), and shortness of breath (38.7% vs. 33.3%). CONCLUSION: Smoking habits can increase the risk of CHD, especially CHF, and IHD, among first- and second-hand smokers. Indonesia's government should protect second-hand smokers and limit the exposure of first-hand smokers to cigarettes.