The Khabour River as the Backbone of Urban Mental Image: Examining Spatial and Social Visibility in Zakho City

This study examines the role of the river as the backbone of the urban mental image in Zakho City and investigates the interplay between spatial and social visibility. Focusing on the River Khabour, this research unravels the ways in which the river shapes the perception and imageability of Zakho City. The study takes into account the historical context and different historical periods to understand the river's influence on the city's spatial configuration. Through a comprehensive analysis of spatial and social visibility, the research explores how the presence of the river impacts the perception and use of public spaces in Zakho City. It employs space syntax methodology, including the analysis of axial lines and the isovist analysis, to assess the spatial visibility of key areas along the river. Additionally, land-use patterns and pedestrian observations are employed to evaluate the social visibility and user dynamics of these spaces. The findings reveal that the current distribution of the city’s elements is in a situation of de-contact with the river; landmarks and nodes are placed far from the waterfront, and no significant paths pass by the shore. The integration levels of the streets show that in the historic periods, the major generator of the pattern was the river, but as time passed, the high integration levels seemed to be in the deep structure of the city, and only the old bridges maintained their value. Even new bridges have low integration values. The study sheds light on the complex relationships that exist between natural characteristics and urban development. The research problem is that when we investigate the city of Zakho and the presence of the Khabor river, The city's physical and visible relationship to the river has deteriorated. The main issue that this study investigates is stating that fact. The research has implications for urban planning and design, highlighting how rivers may be used as amplifiers to improve a city's overall livability and image.