Mya Nila Win , Khin Than Yee , Kyae Mhon Htwe , Ei Ei Thin , Su Mon Win , Aung Myat Kyaw , Myo Myo Aye , Kyaw Kyaw Khaing , Wai Myat Thwe , Khin Khin Htwe , Aung Zaw
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Enzymatic activities for PLA<sub>2</sub>, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) and median effective dose (ED<sub>50</sub>) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. <em>N. kaouthia</em> venom exhibited more in PLA<sub>2</sub>, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than <em>N. mandalayensis</em> venom. <em>N.</em> mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than <em>N. kaouthia</em> venom. The median lethal dose (LD<sub>50</sub>) of <em>N. kaouthia</em> and <em>N. mandalayensis</em> venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min (<em>N. kaouthia</em>) and in 6 h (<em>N. mandalayensis</em>). The same median effective dose (ED<sub>50</sub>) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of <em>N. mandalayensis</em> venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom (<em>N. kaouthia</em>) and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (<em>N. mandalayensis</em>). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for <em>N. mandalayensis</em> bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590171024000134/pdfft?md5=08cd8669236fb49e2fffc8ed64512fd9&pid=1-s2.0-S2590171024000134-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom\",\"authors\":\"Mya Nila Win , Khin Than Yee , Kyae Mhon Htwe , Ei Ei Thin , Su Mon Win , Aung Myat Kyaw , Myo Myo Aye , Kyaw Kyaw Khaing , Wai Myat Thwe , Khin Khin Htwe , Aung Zaw\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.toxcx.2024.100196\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
蛇咬伤是一个被忽视的公共卫生问题，有许多科学和医学问题有待解决。眼镜蛇是缅甸最常见的毒蛇之一，也是造成大量严重蛇咬伤的罪魁祸首。缅甸有三种眼镜蛇（Naja kaouthia、Naja mandalayensis 和 Ophiophagus hannah）。本研究旨在描述 N. kaouthia 和 N. mandalayensis 毒液的特征，并调查抗眼镜蛇毒液（BPI）对这两种毒液的疗效。蛋白质成分和纤维蛋白原溶解活性通过 SDS-PAGE 进行测定。用分光光度法测定了 PLA2、蛋白酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的酶活性。抗凝活性通过柠檬酸化人血浆的再凝时间来测定。肌毒性、坏死活性、中位致死剂量（LD50）和中位有效剂量（ED50）采用世界卫生组织推荐的方法测定。SDS-PAGE 显示两种毒液所含的蛋白质和酶不同。N.kaouthia毒液的PLA2、乙酰胆碱酯酶、抗凝血、纤维蛋白原溶解和坏死活性均高于N.mandalayensis毒液。曼德勒毒液的蛋白酶活性和肌毒性高于卡乌瑟氏毒液。N.kaouthia和N.mandalayensis毒液的中位致死剂量（LD50）分别为4.33微克/小鼠和5.04微克/小鼠。两种毒液都能在 30 分钟内（N. kaouthia）和 6 小时内（N. mandalayensis）诱导纤维蛋白原 Aα 链降解。相同的中位有效剂量（ED50）（19.56 μg/只小鼠）表明，抗 NK 毒液可以中和曼德勒虫毒液的致死效应。它还能中和两种毒液的蛋白酶活性、抗凝血活性和纤维蛋白原溶解活性。免疫扩散和免疫印迹研究表明，抗蛇毒血清能识别同源毒液（N. kaouthia），并与异源毒液（N. mandalayensis）发生交叉反应。如果没有单特异性抗蛇毒血清，抗 NK 抗蛇毒血清适用于曼德勒虫咬伤。
Biochemical and biological characterization of the venoms of Naja kaouthia and Naja mandalayensis from Myanmar and neutralization effects of BPI cobra antivenom
Snakebite is a neglected public health issue, with many scientific and medical issues to be solved. Cobras are among the most common venomous snakes in Myanmar and are responsible for a considerable number of severe snakebite envenoming. There are three species of cobra (Naja kaouthia, Naja mandalayensis and Ophiophagus hannah) in Myanmar. The study aims to characterize the N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venoms and to investigate the efficacy of anti-cobra antivenom (BPI) against the two venoms. Protein components and fibrinogenolytic activity were determined by SDS-PAGE. Enzymatic activities for PLA2, protease and acetylcholinesterase were determined by spectrophotometric method. Anticoagulant activity was determined by recalcification time of citrated human plasma. Myotoxicity, necrotizing activity, median lethal dose (LD50) and median effective dose (ED50) were determined by WHO recommended methods. The SDS-PAGE displayed the proteins and enzymes containing in two venoms were different. N. kaouthia venom exhibited more in PLA2, acetylcholinesterase, anticoagulant, fibrinogenolytic and necrotizing activities than N. mandalayensis venom. N. mandalayensis venom had more protease activity and myotoxicity than N. kaouthia venom. The median lethal dose (LD50) of N. kaouthia and N. mandalayensis venom was 4.33 μg/mouse and 5.04 μg/mouse respectively. Both venoms induced fibrinogen Aα chain degradation in 30 min (N. kaouthia) and in 6 h (N. mandalayensis). The same median effective dose (ED50) (19.56 μg/mouse) showed that anti-NK antivenom can neutralize against lethal effect of N. mandalayensis venom. It can also neutralize the protease activity, anticoagulant activity and fibrinogenolytic activity of both venoms. Immunodiffusion and immunoblotting studies showed that the antivenom recognized its homologous venom (N. kaouthia) and cross-reacted against the heterologous venom (N. mandalayensis). The anti-NK antivenom is suitable to use for N. mandalayensis bite if monospecific antivenom is not available.
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