Toxicon: X最新文献

{"title":"Vascular insufficiency in the extremities following jellyfish-sting envenomation in Malaysia","authors":"Nur Afiqah Kamsani ,&nbsp;Lay Tin Tan ,&nbsp;Mohamad Muhyiddin Khalid ,&nbsp;Ahmad Khaldun Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Vascular insufficiency is an uncommon but potentially limb-threatening complication of jellyfish envenomation, with limited documentation in Southeast Asia. This study characterizes its epidemiology, clinical course, and response to targeted vasodilator therapy in Malaysia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort review was conducted for confirmed jellyfish-sting cases complicated by vascular insufficiency reported to the Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2022. Demographic, geographic, clinical, and management data were extracted from RECS consultation logs. Serial Doppler ultrasound findings and treatment responses were analysed descriptively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 105 jellyfish sting consultations, four (3.8 %) cases of vascular insufficiency were identified, all occurring in coastal Penang and affecting children aged 7–12 years. All primary stings involved the upper limbs; two had concurrent lower limb lesions. The onset of peripheral numbness and cyanosis occurred on day three post-sting. Doppler ultrasonography revealed subcutaneous oedema, reduced arterial calibre, and diminished flow velocities consistent with arterial vasospasm. All patients received intravenous iloprost (0.5–2 ng/kg/min) with gradual tapering, guided by clinical and Doppler parameters. Rapid improvement in perfusion was documented in all cases, with minimal adverse effects (vomiting, dyspnoea, haematuria). Hospitalization lasted 12–32 days. Three patients achieved full functional recovery; one had residual scarring and contracture. No deaths occurred.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Delayed-onset arterial vasospasm can complicate paediatric jellyfish stings, particularly in the upper limb. Early recognition of evolving ischemic signs and timely initiation of iloprost with structured tapering may avert tissue loss. Broader drug availability and standardized treatment algorithms are needed to optimize outcomes in resource-limited coastal settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device","authors":"Phillip J. Robinson ,&nbsp;Steven A. Trim ,&nbsp;Carol M. Trim","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cnidaria represent one of the most ancient venomous lineages with thousands of extant species and their toxins have long been known to signify a source of therapeutic potential. Despite this recognition, cnidarian toxin research has progressed relatively slowly when compared to other taxa. One of the major factors for this slow development pertains to the difficulties involved with obtaining samples, particularly from benthic species which are sessile, where dissected tissues have historically been required. Additionally, the instability of marine venoms has further hindered progression of cnidarian venom research. The research presented aimed to address these issues through the design and development of a novel, non-invasive, venom extraction device that works on a range of cnidarian species. The device functioned underwater at depths ranging from 50 mm down to 5 m whilst scuba diving and was able to successfully obtain venom samples from all 12 species tested. These species were from three taxonomic groups Actiniaria (sea anemones), Scleractinia (corals) and Scyphozoan (Jellyfish) with four species from each. These venom samples revealed the expected phospholipase A2 activity but also the four Scleractinia venoms demonstrated phospholipase A2 inhibitory properties. This is the first description of phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity in cnidarian venoms and further work is required for full characterisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100240"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146038004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective effect of Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica extracts against Androctonus finitimus envenomation","authors":"Samima Asad Butt ,&nbsp;Hafiz Muhammad Tahir ,&nbsp;Muhammad Mohsin Ahsan ,&nbsp;Aamir Ali ,&nbsp;Ayesha Muzamil ,&nbsp;Muniba Tariq ,&nbsp;Dilawar Abbas ,&nbsp;Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud ,&nbsp;Abdulaziz Alamri ,&nbsp;Saeedah Almutairi","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Androctonus finitimus</em> (Pocock, 1897; Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a highly venomous scorpion species that poses a substantial threat to humans and livestock, often resulting in severe envenomation incidents and even fatalities. Medicinal plants, rich in secondary metabolites, represent a valuable source of compounds with diverse pharmacological and therapeutic potential. Current study investigated the venom neutralization potential of <em>Prosopis cineraria</em>, <em>Salvadora oleoides</em> and <em>Salvadora persica</em> using Swiss albino mice as model. The lethal dose (LD₉₉) of <em>A. finitimus</em> venom for mice was 1.5 μg/g. Methanolic extract of <em>P. cineraria</em> showed 100 % venom neutralization, followed by <em>S. persica</em> (72 %) and <em>S. oleoides</em> (50 %). The values of liver function markers including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin; muscle damage markers including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and renal function markers including creatinine and urea were significantly higher in negative control group which did not receive any treatment after exposing with the venom as compared to positive control and plant extract's treated groups. The major active compounds found in <em>P. cineraria, S. persica</em> and <em>S. oleoides</em> were palmitic acid, neophytadiene and octadecamethyl-cyclononasiloxane respectively. The current study provides some empirical basis for the traditional use of <em>P. cineraria</em> in treating scorpion envenomation and may have potential for development into anti-venom medicines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute toxic effects of Bothrops atrox venom on calcium homeostasis and bone tissue in mice","authors":"Hatem Kallel ,&nbsp;Latifa Hamdaoui ,&nbsp;Malek Elerou ,&nbsp;Marwa Lakhrem ,&nbsp;Stephanie Houcke ,&nbsp;Majed Kammoun ,&nbsp;Dabor Resiere ,&nbsp;Tarek Rebai ,&nbsp;Jean Marc Pujo ,&nbsp;Ibtissem Ben Amara","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bothrops atrox</em> is a terrestrial pit viper inhabiting the Amazon region. The venom of <em>B. atrox</em> acts almost immediately at the site of the bite, leading to significant tissue damage, but also affects different organs. The present study investigated the acute impact of intraperitoneally administered <em>B. atrox</em> venom on bone tissue integrity and calcium homeostasis in mice. Plasma, bone homogenate, and urine samples from adult male and female Swiss mice (30 ± 2 g/mouse) were analyzed to assess calcium and phosphorus levels. Additionally, we examined bone oxidative stress parameters alongside histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Our findings showed that <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming results in profound phosphocalcic homeostasis disturbances with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and decreased calcium and phosphorus bone content. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and consumption of antioxidants. Histological examination and SEM of bone tissue revealed thinning and discontinuity of trabecular bone and a significant reduction in intertrabecular links. In conclusion, <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming profoundly impacts bone metabolism and structural integrity in mice. The venom induces substantial alterations in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, elevates oxidative stress, and disrupts the antioxidant defense system. Histological and SEM analyses reveal extensive damage to the trabecular bone architecture, reinforcing the harmful effects of the venom on skeletal health. These results underscore the need for further research to better understand the acute and long-term implications of <em>B. atrox</em> envenoming, particularly regarding its potential impact on human bone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency detoxification of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 by laccase Lac-W with ABTS","authors":"Kun Xu ,&nbsp;Ding Zhang ,&nbsp;Chang Geng ,&nbsp;Xuehui Wang ,&nbsp;Nicholas J. Harmer ,&nbsp;Jingya Yang ,&nbsp;Jingyi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Yang ,&nbsp;Wenbo Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Type B fumonisins (FBs), including fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) and fumonisin B₃ (FB₃), are common mycotoxins in cereal and food products. FBs contamination causes substantial social impacts and economic losses. Effective control of FBs contamination is essential for human and animal health. Laccase Lac-W has the unique property of degrading a variety of mycotoxins in the absence of mediators. Nevertheless, the degradation rates are low. In this study, a laccase mediator system (LMS), Lac-W-2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (Lac-W-ABTS), was constructed by screening different mediators, which can improve the degradation rate of FB₁ (34.70 %) within 2 h. By optimizing the reaction conditions (static conditions, pH 7.0, 40 °C, 0.5 U/mL Lac-W, 5 mM ABTS), 1 μg/mL FB₁ was effectively degraded within 24 h (88.25 %), and FB₂ (93.16 %) and FB₃ (78.24 %) were degraded efficiently. The degradation products of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ failed to generate cell death of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Additionally, two detoxification products (hydrolysed FB₁ (HFB₁) and tricarboxylic acid) of FB₁ were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. Finally, the mechanism by which ABTS acts as a more efficient electron acceptor and thus promotes Lac-W degradation of FB₁ was explained using molecular docking. This work highlights an eco-friendly bio-enzyme method that degrade FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ simultaneously and efficiently using only one enzyme.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge structure and evolution of masked mycotoxin research in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and network analysis approach","authors":"Chimwemwe Chilenga ,&nbsp;William Kasapila ,&nbsp;Kingsley Masamba ,&nbsp;Tinnah Manani ,&nbsp;Victor Munkhuwa ,&nbsp;Brown Ndhlovu ,&nbsp;Kennedy Machira","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Masked mycotoxins are modified forms of mycotoxins that escape conventional detection, posing underexplored risks to food safety. Despite their potential public health risks, research on these compounds remains limited in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study systematically reviewed 22 publications, analyzing research trends, geographic focus, and knowledge gaps using network analysis to assess the evolution and structure of masked mycotoxin research in SSA. Studies began in 2013, grew slowly with one study per year from 2014 to 2017, and modestly increased to 2–4 studies annually between 2018 and 2024. Geographically, research efforts are concentrated in a few countries, particularly Nigeria (47.6 % of publications), with Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, and Namibia contributing sporadically. The findings reveal that only 13.6 % of the studies had masked, modified, emerging, or hidden mycotoxins as part of the primary focus of the study objectives, while the majority included them as ancillary findings. The most prevalent masked mycotoxins identified are derivatives of aflatoxins and fumonisins, which pose significant risks to food safety and public health. Emerging challenges include the limited detection capabilities and weak regulatory frameworks on masked mycotoxins, with many studies failing to capture the full extent of their impact. Notably, no systematic reviews were found to focus exclusively on masked mycotoxins, indicating a major research gap. The field remains fragmented and underdeveloped, with significant limitations in analytical capacity and geographic scope. Addressing these gaps requires enhanced regional collaboration, increased funding for targeted research, and the integration of masked mycotoxin monitoring into national food safety policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"28 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145134900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sentinels of the Western Ghats- envenoming by the Malabar pit viper (Craspedocephalus malabaricus)-A sub-analysis of the VENOMS registry","authors":"Vrinda Lath ,&nbsp;Usha Wagle ,&nbsp;Devika Jabagodu Lingappa ,&nbsp;Ramya R ,&nbsp;Aaditya Katyal ,&nbsp;Nirmal U. Kulkarni ,&nbsp;Jayaraj Mymbilly Balakrishnan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Khalid ,&nbsp;Freston Marc Sirur","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100231","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100231","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Malabar Pit Viper (<em>Craspedocephalus malabaricus</em>), endemic to the Western Ghats of India, is an emerging concern in snakebite envenomation. Despite its increasing recognition as a medically significant species, the absence of a species-specific antivenom and limited epidemiological data hinder effective treatment protocols. This study examines the ecological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of Malabar pit viper envenomation to bridge knowledge gaps and guide clinical management.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology/principal findings</h3><div>A retrospective analysis was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Coastal Karnataka, encompassing 16 cases from May 2018 to March 2024. Identification was based on the following method.</div><div>• killed or live specimen produced at the hospital.</div><div>• photographic/videographic evidence captured of the culprit snake by the patient or witness.</div><div>• photographic identification (using standard images of known venomous snakes in the region for patients to identify which snakes it is that they saw biting them).</div><div>Seven out of sixteen cases were identified based on photographic identification and other circumstantial evidence like snake description, location and habitat where the patient was bitten. These cases were included on a presumed basis due to the lower quality of evidence available. The remaining nine were reliably confirmed with evidence provided. Clinical presentations included severe local envenomation (100 %), coagulopathy (50 %), and mild renal dysfunction (25 %). Local complications such as severe local effects and compartment syndrome necessitated interventions. A notable trend of prolonged prothrombin time derangement, persisting up to 72 h, was observed in patients with coagulopathy. Additionally, three cases of anaphylaxis were reported following Indian Polyvalent Anti Snake Venom (ASV) administration, underscoring the challenges in its use. Indian Polyvalent ASV demonstrated limited but observable cross-reactivity, improving coagulopathy in some cases. The study identified seasonal and occupational risk factors, with most incidents occurring during monsoon-related agricultural activities. Epidemiological mapping highlighted habitat overlaps between human populations and the species range.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions/Significance</h3><div>Malabar Pit Viper envenomation is characterized by distinct local and systemic syndromes, requiring targeted management strategies. While Indian Polyvalent ASV may offer interim relief in severe cases, a species-specific antivenom remains essential. This study emphasizes the importance of advancing research into venom composition, therapeutic cross-reactivity, and regional incidence to develop evidence-based treatment protocols and improve patient outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adding insult to injury: A review of infections following envenomings","authors":"Dayle Leonard ,&nbsp;Aoife Boyd ,&nbsp;Michel M. Dugon","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over 100 lineages of animal have evolved venom for a wide variety of purposes. An estimated 2.5 million people are bitten by snakes and another 1.2 million are stung by scorpions with many envenomings resulting in death. However, survival is not the end point of the envenoming syndrome as chronic life altering conditions, such as amputations, disfigurement and neuropathies can occur. In this context, infections at the site of envenomation could play an important role as they can exacerbate mortality and the incidence and severity of life altering conditions.</div><div>This review assesses the connection between envenoming and infections. It summarises and highlights the literature describing cases of envenoming-mediated infection by various taxa and the circumstances of these envenomings and the outcomes of infection. It could be deduced that the risk factors for envenoming-led infections are multifactorial. Factors enhancing the risk of infection include; 1. The delivery system, with larger devices leading to more substantial wounds, 2. Venom composition, with venoms containing cytotoxins more commonly implicated in infections, and 3. The environment, with aquatic microbiomes and venom system microbiomes as sources of the pathogen species. Infections are difficult to diagnose due to symptoms synonymous with those of the envenoming and it is recommended that medical practitioners consider the possibility of infection throughout all stages of medical treatment. There is a notable gap in our understanding of envenoming-led infections and further research will help to increase patient survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary insights into toxins diversity in Ceriantharia (Cnidaria; Anthozoa)","authors":"Celine S.S. Lopes ,&nbsp;Rafael E. Iwama ,&nbsp;Thainá Cortez ,&nbsp;Sónia C.S. Andrade ,&nbsp;Anna M.L. Klompen ,&nbsp;Jorge A. Audino ,&nbsp;Jason Macrander ,&nbsp;Adam M. Reitzel ,&nbsp;Renato M. Nagata ,&nbsp;Emilio Lanna ,&nbsp;Lucas D. Martinez ,&nbsp;Barbara M. Chagas ,&nbsp;Sérgio N. Stampar","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceriantharians synthesize and inoculate the toxins found in their stinging cells spread throughout the body. For most cnidarians the putative toxins profile can vary widely depending on the tissue function and the environmental conditions faced by these marine invertebrates. Extensive gene duplications events have impacted the diversity of the toxins system of cnidarians and could explain the rapid emergence of novel toxins. On the other hand, it seems for Ceriantharia, the putative toxins profile does not exhibit major variation, despite occupying different ecological niches. Some species of ceriantharians have a planktonic stage that is highly dispersive, while the benthic phase is characterized by semi-sessile polyp. However, the polyp builds a tube involving the entire column that can play an additional function by protecting against predators and competitors, which could decrease the need to synthesize a wide array of toxins. In the present study, we compare the putative toxins of the larva and polyp of <em>Arachnanthus errans</em> based on the functional annotations of the transcriptomes against annotated protein databases. We seek to understand the evolutionary process of two toxin-like protein families using phylogenetic reconstruction methods with target sequences of the transcriptome of nine ceriantharian species. Our exploration revealed that the larva expresses 70 more toxin-like genes than the polyp, which may relate to abiotic and biotic factors the larva experiences. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest duplication events may have occurred in both toxins-like proteins and the two copies of <em>Kunitz</em>-like proteins might have been present in the common ancestor of Ceriantharia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"27 ","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathophysiological role of endothelial biomarkers in Bothrops sp. venom-induced renal dysfunction and the therapeutic effect of antivenom","authors":"Nicole Coelho Lopes ,&nbsp;Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses ,&nbsp;Ranieri Sales de Souza Santos ,&nbsp;Leticia Machado de Araújo ,&nbsp;Bruna Viana Barroso Martins ,&nbsp;Katarina Maria dos Reis Araújo ,&nbsp;Valéria Holanda Nogueira de Aquino ,&nbsp;Igor Moreira de Almeida ,&nbsp;Sandra Mara Brasileiro Mota ,&nbsp;Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior ,&nbsp;Camila Eleuterio Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Elizabeth De Francesco Daher ,&nbsp;Polianna Lemos Moura Moreira Albuquerque ,&nbsp;Alice Maria Costa Martins","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100226","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100226","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Snakebite antivenom (SAV) is the standard treatment option to neutralize the toxic effects of snake venom, but their consequences on kidney function need to be better understood. This study aims to evaluate the effects of antivenom on kidney and endothelial biomarkers due to <em>Bothrops</em> venom in two subgroups of patients distinguished by the presence of hemorrhagic syndrome at admission. This prospective study included 34 snakebite patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Northeast Brazil between August 2019 and November 2020, 50 % of whom experienced spontaneous bleeding. Endothelial and kidney damage biomarkers were analyzed at three time points: before antivenom infusion and after 10 h and 20 h of antivenom infusion. Bleeding patients exhibited higher urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) levels, indicating incomplete renal recovery until 20h after antivenom. This group showed higher serum angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) levels and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). VCAM-1 levels positively correlated with kidney biomarker levels at each time point, especially after SAV. uNGAL was variant across VCAM-1, Ang-1, and Ang-2 levels before antivenom. Elevated levels of uNGAL and KIM-1, observed 10 h after SAV administration, may indicate incomplete renal protection and a potential risk for the development of chronic kidney injury, requiring future follow-up.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"26 ","pages":"Article 100226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}