IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100244

引用次数: 0

Acute toxic effects of Bothrops atrox venom on calcium homeostasis and bone tissue in mice 牛喉虫毒液对小鼠钙稳态和骨组织的急性毒性作用

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100237

Hatem Kallel , Latifa Hamdaoui , Malek Elerou , Marwa Lakhrem , Stephanie Houcke , Majed Kammoun , Dabor Resiere , Tarek Rebai , Jean Marc Pujo , Ibtissem Ben Amara

Bothrops atrox is a terrestrial pit viper inhabiting the Amazon region. The venom of B. atrox acts almost immediately at the site of the bite, leading to significant tissue damage, but also affects different organs. The present study investigated the acute impact of intraperitoneally administered B. atrox venom on bone tissue integrity and calcium homeostasis in mice. Plasma, bone homogenate, and urine samples from adult male and female Swiss mice (30 ± 2 g/mouse) were analyzed to assess calcium and phosphorus levels. Additionally, we examined bone oxidative stress parameters alongside histological and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Our findings showed that B. atrox envenoming results in profound phosphocalcic homeostasis disturbances with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and decreased calcium and phosphorus bone content. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and consumption of antioxidants. Histological examination and SEM of bone tissue revealed thinning and discontinuity of trabecular bone and a significant reduction in intertrabecular links. In conclusion, B. atrox envenoming profoundly impacts bone metabolism and structural integrity in mice. The venom induces substantial alterations in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, elevates oxidative stress, and disrupts the antioxidant defense system. Histological and SEM analyses reveal extensive damage to the trabecular bone architecture, reinforcing the harmful effects of the venom on skeletal health. These results underscore the need for further research to better understand the acute and long-term implications of B. atrox envenoming, particularly regarding its potential impact on human bone.

Bothrops atrox是一种生活在亚马逊地区的陆地蝮蛇。B. atrox的毒液几乎立即作用于咬伤的部位，导致明显的组织损伤，但也会影响不同的器官。本研究探讨了腹腔注射蛇毒对小鼠骨组织完整性和钙稳态的急性影响。分析成年雄性和雌性瑞士小鼠（30±2 g/只）的血浆、骨匀浆和尿液样本，以评估钙和磷水平。此外，我们检查了骨氧化应激参数以及组织学和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析。我们的研究结果表明，atrox菌的外源性导致严重的磷钙稳态紊乱，伴有高钙血症、低磷血症和骨钙磷含量降低。我们还观察到活性氧和丙二醛的增加，以及抗氧化剂的消耗。骨组织的组织学检查和扫描电镜显示骨小梁变薄和不连续性，骨小梁间连接明显减少。综上所述，atrox侵吞严重影响小鼠骨代谢和骨结构完整性。毒液引起钙和磷体内平衡的实质性改变，提高氧化应激，破坏抗氧化防御系统。组织学和扫描电镜分析显示，对小梁骨结构的广泛损害，加强了毒液对骨骼健康的有害影响。这些结果强调了进一步研究的必要性，以更好地了解B. atrox外源性的急性和长期影响，特别是其对人体骨骼的潜在影响。

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引用次数: 0

A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device 一种新型的非侵入性刺胞细胞毒液提取装置

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100240

Phillip J. Robinson , Steven A. Trim , Carol M. Trim

Cnidaria represent one of the most ancient venomous lineages with thousands of extant species and their toxins have long been known to signify a source of therapeutic potential. Despite this recognition, cnidarian toxin research has progressed relatively slowly when compared to other taxa. One of the major factors for this slow development pertains to the difficulties involved with obtaining samples, particularly from benthic species which are sessile, where dissected tissues have historically been required. Additionally, the instability of marine venoms has further hindered progression of cnidarian venom research. The research presented aimed to address these issues through the design and development of a novel, non-invasive, venom extraction device that works on a range of cnidarian species. The device functioned underwater at depths ranging from 50 mm down to 5 m whilst scuba diving and was able to successfully obtain venom samples from all 12 species tested. These species were from three taxonomic groups Actiniaria (sea anemones), Scleractinia (corals) and Scyphozoan (Jellyfish) with four species from each. These venom samples revealed the expected phospholipase A2 activity but also the four Scleractinia venoms demonstrated phospholipase A2 inhibitory properties. This is the first description of phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity in cnidarian venoms and further work is required for full characterisation.

刺胞菌是最古老的有毒谱系之一，有数千种现存物种，它们的毒素长期以来被认为是治疗潜力的来源。尽管认识到这一点，但与其他分类群相比，刺胞毒素的研究进展相对缓慢。造成这种缓慢发展的一个主要因素与获取样本的困难有关，特别是从无底栖生物物种中获取样本的困难，在这些物种中，历史上需要解剖组织。此外，海洋毒液的不稳定性进一步阻碍了刺胞动物毒液研究的进展。该研究旨在通过设计和开发一种新的、非侵入性的毒液提取装置来解决这些问题，该装置适用于一系列刺胞动物物种。该设备在水下50毫米到5米的深度范围内工作，并且能够成功地从所有12种测试物种中获取毒液样本。这些物种分别来自海葵、珊瑚和水母三个分类类群，每个类群各有4种。这些毒液样品显示了预期的磷脂酶A2活性，但四种巩膜菌毒液也显示了磷脂酶A2的抑制特性。这是对刺胞动物毒液中磷脂酶A2抑制活性的首次描述，需要进一步的工作来充分表征。

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引用次数: 0

In vitro-in vivo discord: A preclinical study of AZD2716 and its racemate with comparison to varespladib for the development of snake venom sPLA2 inhibitors 体外-体内不和谐：AZD2716及其外消旋体的临床前研究，并与varespladib比较，用于开发蛇毒sPLA2抑制剂。

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100243

James L. Hearth , Yulia Surovtseva , Zuzana Karjala , Nicholas R. Casewell , Kate Giang , Matthew R. Lewin

We evaluated a family of repurposed sPLA2 inhibitors as novel candidate snakebite envenoming therapeutics. Stereospecific (R)-7 AZD2716 and its racemic mixture were compared to varespladib in an in vitro sPLA2 assay against a sample of 26 venoms from medically important snake species from five continents. All compounds demonstrated potent nano-to picomolar IC₅₀ values, comparable to the benchmark inhibitory profile of varespladib. Surprisingly, however, this in vitro efficacy did not translate to survival in an in vivo mouse model under GLP standard conditions at an independent third party laboratory. In animal rescue studies evaluating both oral and IV dosing against the same four high sPLA2 venoms, varespladib demonstrated more consistent survival duration versus the chirally separated AZD2716 enantiomer and racemate following single-dose intravenous or two-dose oral drug administration. Additionally, the stereospecific AZD2716 did not provide the same survival advantage as the racemic mixture and neither molecule resulted in the same survival advantage as varespladib in vivo (p < 0.05), despite similar in vitro potency. These findings highlight the importance of following in vitro inhibition assays with preclinical studies in drug candidate selection for lead compounds and advancement to clinical development.

我们评估了一系列重新定位的sPLA2抑制剂作为蛇咬伤治疗的新候选药物。立体特异性(R)-7 AZD2716及其外消旋混合物与varespladib在体外sPLA2实验中对来自五大洲的26种医学上重要的蛇种毒液进行了比较。所有化合物都显示出有效的纳米到皮摩尔的IC50值，与varespladib的基准抑制谱相当。然而，令人惊讶的是，在独立的第三方实验室中，这种体外功效并没有转化为GLP标准条件下的体内小鼠模型的存活率。在动物救援研究中，评估口服和静脉给药对相同的四种高sPLA2毒液的作用，varespladib在单剂量静脉或两剂量口服给药后，与手性分离的AZD2716对映体和外消旋体相比，显示出更一致的生存时间。此外，立体特异性AZD2716没有提供与外消旋混合物相同的生存优势，并且两种分子都没有产生与varespladib相同的体内生存优势（体外效力）。这些发现强调了体外抑制试验与临床前研究在先导化合物候选药物选择和临床开发进展中的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Protective effect of Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica extracts against Androctonus finitimus envenomation 枸杞子、山青花和山青花提取物对小褐家蝇的保护作用

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100238

Samima Asad Butt , Hafiz Muhammad Tahir , Muhammad Mohsin Ahsan , Aamir Ali , Ayesha Muzamil , Muniba Tariq , Dilawar Abbas , Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud , Abdulaziz Alamri , Saeedah Almutairi

Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897; Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a highly venomous scorpion species that poses a substantial threat to humans and livestock, often resulting in severe envenomation incidents and even fatalities. Medicinal plants, rich in secondary metabolites, represent a valuable source of compounds with diverse pharmacological and therapeutic potential. Current study investigated the venom neutralization potential of Prosopis cineraria, Salvadora oleoides and Salvadora persica using Swiss albino mice as model. The lethal dose (LD₉₉) of A. finitimus venom for mice was 1.5 μg/g. Methanolic extract of P. cineraria showed 100 % venom neutralization, followed by S. persica (72 %) and S. oleoides (50 %). The values of liver function markers including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin; muscle damage markers including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and renal function markers including creatinine and urea were significantly higher in negative control group which did not receive any treatment after exposing with the venom as compared to positive control and plant extract's treated groups. The major active compounds found in P. cineraria, S. persica and S. oleoides were palmitic acid, neophytadiene and octadecamethyl-cyclononasiloxane respectively. The current study provides some empirical basis for the traditional use of P. cineraria in treating scorpion envenomation and may have potential for development into anti-venom medicines.

Androctonus fintimus （Pocock, 1897; Scorpiones: Buthidae）是一种剧毒的蝎子，对人类和牲畜构成重大威胁，经常导致严重的中毒事件，甚至死亡。药用植物富含次生代谢物，是具有多种药理和治疗潜力的化合物的宝贵来源。本研究以瑞士白化小鼠为模型，研究了灰索皮（Prosopis cineraria）、油萨尔瓦多（Salvadora oleoides）和桃萨尔瓦多（Salvadora persica）的毒液中和潜力。有限毒对小鼠的致死剂量（LD99）为1.5 μg/g。金针菇甲醇提取物的毒液中和率为100%，其次是桃金酸盐（72%）和油橄榄（50%）。肝功能指标包括谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、胆红素；与阳性对照组和植物提取物处理组相比，未进行任何处理的阴性对照组的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸酐磷酸激酶（CPK）等肌肉损伤指标和肌酐、尿素等肾功能指标均显著升高。在灰葡萄、桃和油橄榄中发现的主要活性物质分别是棕榈酸、新植物二烯和十八甲基环壬硅氧烷。本研究为传统利用银灰霉治疗蝎子中毒提供了一定的经验依据，并具有开发抗蛇毒药物的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Vascular insufficiency in the extremities following jellyfish-sting envenomation in Malaysia 马来西亚水母蜇伤中毒后四肢血管功能不全

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239

Nur Afiqah Kamsani , Lay Tin Tan , Mohamad Muhyiddin Khalid , Ahmad Khaldun Ismail

Introduction

Vascular insufficiency is an uncommon but potentially limb-threatening complication of jellyfish envenomation, with limited documentation in Southeast Asia. This study characterizes its epidemiology, clinical course, and response to targeted vasodilator therapy in Malaysia.

Methods

A retrospective cohort review was conducted for confirmed jellyfish-sting cases complicated by vascular insufficiency reported to the Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2022. Demographic, geographic, clinical, and management data were extracted from RECS consultation logs. Serial Doppler ultrasound findings and treatment responses were analysed descriptively.

Results

Among 105 jellyfish sting consultations, four (3.8 %) cases of vascular insufficiency were identified, all occurring in coastal Penang and affecting children aged 7–12 years. All primary stings involved the upper limbs; two had concurrent lower limb lesions. The onset of peripheral numbness and cyanosis occurred on day three post-sting. Doppler ultrasonography revealed subcutaneous oedema, reduced arterial calibre, and diminished flow velocities consistent with arterial vasospasm. All patients received intravenous iloprost (0.5–2 ng/kg/min) with gradual tapering, guided by clinical and Doppler parameters. Rapid improvement in perfusion was documented in all cases, with minimal adverse effects (vomiting, dyspnoea, haematuria). Hospitalization lasted 12–32 days. Three patients achieved full functional recovery; one had residual scarring and contracture. No deaths occurred.

Conclusion

Delayed-onset arterial vasospasm can complicate paediatric jellyfish stings, particularly in the upper limb. Early recognition of evolving ischemic signs and timely initiation of iloprost with structured tapering may avert tissue loss. Broader drug availability and standardized treatment algorithms are needed to optimize outcomes in resource-limited coastal settings.

血管功能不全是水母中毒的一种罕见但可能危及肢体的并发症，在东南亚文献有限。本研究的特点是其流行病学，临床过程，并对靶向血管扩张剂治疗在马来西亚的反应。方法回顾性分析2017 - 2022年向远程毒蛇咨询服务（RECS）报告的确诊水母蜇伤合并血管功能不全病例。人口统计、地理、临床和管理数据从RECS咨询日志中提取。对连续多普勒超声表现和治疗反应进行描述性分析。结果在105例海蜇蜇伤问诊中，发现4例（3.8%）血管功能不全，均发生在槟城沿海地区，患者年龄为7-12岁。所有原发蜇伤均累及上肢；2例并发下肢病变。刺痛后第3天出现外周麻木和发绀。多普勒超声显示皮下水肿，动脉口径减小，血流速度减慢，与动脉血管痉挛一致。所有患者均在临床及多普勒参数指导下，静脉滴注伊洛前列素（0.5 ~ 2 ng/kg/min），逐渐减量。所有病例的灌注均有快速改善，不良反应（呕吐、呼吸困难、血尿）最小。住院时间12 ~ 32天。3例患者功能完全恢复；一个有残留的疤痕和挛缩。没有人员死亡。结论小儿水母蜇伤可并发延迟性动脉血管痉挛，上肢尤甚。早期识别不断发展的缺血迹象和及时开始伊洛前列素与结构逐渐减少可以避免组织损失。在资源有限的沿海地区，需要更广泛的药物供应和标准化的治疗算法来优化结果。

{"title":"Vascular insufficiency in the extremities following jellyfish-sting envenomation in Malaysia","authors":"Nur Afiqah Kamsani , Lay Tin Tan , Mohamad Muhyiddin Khalid , Ahmad Khaldun Ismail","doi":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Vascular insufficiency is an uncommon but potentially limb-threatening complication of jellyfish envenomation, with limited documentation in Southeast Asia. This study characterizes its epidemiology, clinical course, and response to targeted vasodilator therapy in Malaysia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective cohort review was conducted for confirmed jellyfish-sting cases complicated by vascular insufficiency reported to the Remote Envenomation Consultancy Services (RECS) from 2017 to 2022. Demographic, geographic, clinical, and management data were extracted from RECS consultation logs. Serial Doppler ultrasound findings and treatment responses were analysed descriptively.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 105 jellyfish sting consultations, four (3.8 %) cases of vascular insufficiency were identified, all occurring in coastal Penang and affecting children aged 7–12 years. All primary stings involved the upper limbs; two had concurrent lower limb lesions. The onset of peripheral numbness and cyanosis occurred on day three post-sting. Doppler ultrasonography revealed subcutaneous oedema, reduced arterial calibre, and diminished flow velocities consistent with arterial vasospasm. All patients received intravenous iloprost (0.5–2 ng/kg/min) with gradual tapering, guided by clinical and Doppler parameters. Rapid improvement in perfusion was documented in all cases, with minimal adverse effects (vomiting, dyspnoea, haematuria). Hospitalization lasted 12–32 days. Three patients achieved full functional recovery; one had residual scarring and contracture. No deaths occurred.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Delayed-onset arterial vasospasm can complicate paediatric jellyfish stings, particularly in the upper limb. Early recognition of evolving ischemic signs and timely initiation of iloprost with structured tapering may avert tissue loss. Broader drug availability and standardized treatment algorithms are needed to optimize outcomes in resource-limited coastal settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":37124,"journal":{"name":"Toxicon: X","volume":"29 ","pages":"Article 100239"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146077563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Epidemiological and geodemographic patterns of scorpionism in Ecuador: A nationwide analysis (2021–2024)” [Toxicon X 26(2025) 1–6/100218] “厄瓜多尔蝎子病的流行病学和地理人口统计模式：全国分析（2021-2024）”的勘误表[Toxicon X 26(2025) 1-6/100218]

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100241

Jorge Vasconez-Gonzalez , Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy , Camila Miño , María de Lourdes Noboa-Lasso , Esteban Ortiz-Prado

引用次数: 0

Proteomic analysis of FACS-enriched whole nematocysts from the colonial hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus 富facs的共生水螅线虫全囊蛋白质组学分析。

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2026.100242

Anna M.L. Klompen , Kevin Ferro , Cassandra G. Kempf , Laurence Florens , Matthew C. Gibson , Paulyn Cartwright

Cnidarians possess a cell-based venom system in the form of nematocytes or “stinging cells” that are found across various tissues. The scattered distribution of these venom-containing cells makes isolation difficult, particularly for proteomic studies. These challenges can be circumvented in laboratory systems with efficient culturing conditions and robust molecular resources for downstream validation, such as exists for Hydra and Nematostella. The colonial hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus is an established laboratory model and an emerging candidate for functional studies of the venom system. Here, we present a proteome derived from a fluorescence-activated cell sorted cell population of developing and mature nematocytes from an established Hydractinia transgenic line. We detected a total of 8,470 proteins, of which 2,232 could be statistically quantified across two different fluorescence-activated cell sorting gating strategies. We found that 165 proteins were enriched within a more lenient, low-cell bias strategy while 760 proteins were enriched using a more stringent gating strategy with greater predicted cell viability. We compared this dataset to a previously assembled nematocyst-enriched transcriptome, as well as two different single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets for Hydractinia, to validate the enrichment of protein candidates in the nematocyte lineage. Furthermore, we evaluated orthologous clusters shared between our Hydractinia proteome, a well-established nematocyst proteome from Hydra, and nematocyst-enriched proteomes from two other cnidarians. Through these comparisons, we revealed substantial shared clusters across these four cnidarian species as well as multiple hydrozoan-specific clusters. Overall, our proteomic analysis provides an integral, complementary resource to the established molecular and laboratory tools available in Hydractinia, advancing its utility as a functional venom systems model.

刺胞动物拥有一个以细胞为基础的毒液系统，它以网状细胞或“刺细胞”的形式存在于各种组织中。这些含毒液细胞的分散分布使得分离变得困难，特别是在蛋白质组学研究中。这些挑战可以在实验室系统中通过高效的培养条件和强大的下游验证分子资源来规避，例如Hydra和Nematostella。共生体水螅虫是一个已建立的实验室模型和一个新兴的候选毒液系统的功能研究。在这里，我们提出了一个蛋白质组，从一个已建立的水螅转基因系的发育和成熟的线虫细胞群体中荧光激活的细胞分类。我们共检测到8470个蛋白质，其中2232个可以通过两种不同的荧光激活细胞分选门控策略进行统计量化。我们发现165种蛋白质在更宽松的低细胞偏倚策略中富集，而760种蛋白质使用更严格的门控策略富集，具有更高的预测细胞活力。我们将该数据集与先前组装的线状囊富集转录组以及Hydractinia的两个不同的单细胞rna测序数据集进行比较，以验证线状细胞谱系中候选蛋白的富集。此外，我们评估了我们的水螅蛋白组（来自水螅的一个成熟的线虫蛋白质组）和来自其他两种刺胞动物的富含线虫的蛋白质组之间共享的同源簇。通过这些比较，我们揭示了这四种刺胞动物物种之间的大量共享集群以及多个水螅动物特有的集群。总的来说，我们的蛋白质组学分析提供了一个完整的、互补的资源，以建立水螅虫的分子和实验室工具，推进其作为功能性毒液系统模型的效用。

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引用次数: 0

High-efficiency detoxification of fumonisin B1, B2 and B3 by laccase Lac-W with ABTS Lac-W漆酶与ABTS高效解毒伏马毒素B1、B2和B3

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100236

Kun Xu , Ding Zhang , Chang Geng , Xuehui Wang , Nicholas J. Harmer , Jingya Yang , Jingyi Zhang , Wei Yang , Wenbo Hao

Type B fumonisins (FBs), including fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) and fumonisin B₃ (FB₃), are common mycotoxins in cereal and food products. FBs contamination causes substantial social impacts and economic losses. Effective control of FBs contamination is essential for human and animal health. Laccase Lac-W has the unique property of degrading a variety of mycotoxins in the absence of mediators. Nevertheless, the degradation rates are low. In this study, a laccase mediator system (LMS), Lac-W-2, 2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (Lac-W-ABTS), was constructed by screening different mediators, which can improve the degradation rate of FB₁ (34.70 %) within 2 h. By optimizing the reaction conditions (static conditions, pH 7.0, 40 °C, 0.5 U/mL Lac-W, 5 mM ABTS), 1 μg/mL FB₁ was effectively degraded within 24 h (88.25 %), and FB₂ (93.16 %) and FB₃ (78.24 %) were degraded efficiently. The degradation products of FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ failed to generate cell death of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Additionally, two detoxification products (hydrolysed FB₁ (HFB₁) and tricarboxylic acid) of FB₁ were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. Finally, the mechanism by which ABTS acts as a more efficient electron acceptor and thus promotes Lac-W degradation of FB₁ was explained using molecular docking. This work highlights an eco-friendly bio-enzyme method that degrade FB₁, FB₂ and FB₃ simultaneously and efficiently using only one enzyme.

B型伏马菌素（FBs），包括伏马菌素B1 （FB1）、伏马菌素B2 （FB2）和伏马菌素B3 (FB3)，是谷物和食品中常见的真菌毒素。FBs污染造成巨大的社会影响和经济损失。有效控制牛粪污染对人类和动物健康至关重要。漆酶Lac-W具有在没有介质的情况下降解多种真菌毒素的独特特性。然而，降解率很低。本研究通过筛选不同的介质构建了漆酶介质体系Lac-W- 2,2′-氮基-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸盐）（Lac-W-ABTS），该体系在2 h内可提高FB1的降解率（34.70%）。通过优化反应条件（静态条件，pH 7.0, 40℃，0.5 U/mL Lac-W, 5 mM ABTS）， 1 μg/mL FB1在24 h内有效降解（88.25%），FB2（93.16%）和FB3（78.24%）有效降解。FB1、FB2和FB3的降解产物均未引起肠猪上皮细胞的细胞死亡。此外，用高分辨质谱法鉴定了FB1的两种解毒产物（水解FB1和三羧酸）。最后，用分子对接的方法解释了ABTS作为更有效的电子受体从而促进Lac-W降解FB1的机制。本研究重点介绍了一种利用一种酶同时高效降解FB1、FB2和FB3的生态友好型生物酶方法。

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引用次数: 0

Knowledge structure and evolution of masked mycotoxin research in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and network analysis approach 撒哈拉以南非洲隐匿霉菌毒素研究的知识结构和演变：系统回顾和网络分析方法

IF 2.8 Q2 TOXICOLOGY

Toxicon: X

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2025.100232

Chimwemwe Chilenga , William Kasapila , Kingsley Masamba , Tinnah Manani , Victor Munkhuwa , Brown Ndhlovu , Kennedy Machira

Masked mycotoxins are modified forms of mycotoxins that escape conventional detection, posing underexplored risks to food safety. Despite their potential public health risks, research on these compounds remains limited in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study systematically reviewed 22 publications, analyzing research trends, geographic focus, and knowledge gaps using network analysis to assess the evolution and structure of masked mycotoxin research in SSA. Studies began in 2013, grew slowly with one study per year from 2014 to 2017, and modestly increased to 2–4 studies annually between 2018 and 2024. Geographically, research efforts are concentrated in a few countries, particularly Nigeria (47.6 % of publications), with Ethiopia, South Africa, Kenya, and Namibia contributing sporadically. The findings reveal that only 13.6 % of the studies had masked, modified, emerging, or hidden mycotoxins as part of the primary focus of the study objectives, while the majority included them as ancillary findings. The most prevalent masked mycotoxins identified are derivatives of aflatoxins and fumonisins, which pose significant risks to food safety and public health. Emerging challenges include the limited detection capabilities and weak regulatory frameworks on masked mycotoxins, with many studies failing to capture the full extent of their impact. Notably, no systematic reviews were found to focus exclusively on masked mycotoxins, indicating a major research gap. The field remains fragmented and underdeveloped, with significant limitations in analytical capacity and geographic scope. Addressing these gaps requires enhanced regional collaboration, increased funding for targeted research, and the integration of masked mycotoxin monitoring into national food safety policies.

隐匿真菌毒素是无法进行常规检测的改性真菌毒素，对食品安全构成未被充分发掘的风险。尽管存在潜在的公共卫生风险，但对这些化合物的研究在撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）仍然有限。本研究系统地回顾了22篇出版物，分析了研究趋势、地理焦点和知识差距，使用网络分析来评估SSA隐匿霉菌毒素研究的演变和结构。研究开始于2013年，从2014年到2017年每年一项研究缓慢增长，2018年到2024年每年适度增加到2-4项研究。从地理上看，研究工作集中在少数几个国家，特别是尼日利亚（占出版物的47.6%），埃塞俄比亚、南非、肯尼亚和纳米比亚也有零星贡献。研究结果显示，只有13.6%的研究将掩盖、修饰、新出现或隐藏真菌毒素作为研究目标的主要焦点的一部分，而大多数研究将其作为辅助发现。已查明的最普遍的隐匿真菌毒素是黄曲霉毒素和伏马菌素的衍生物，它们对食品安全和公共卫生构成重大风险。新出现的挑战包括有限的检测能力和对隐蔽性真菌毒素薄弱的监管框架，许多研究未能充分了解其影响。值得注意的是，没有发现专门针对隐蔽真菌毒素的系统综述，这表明存在重大的研究空白。该领域仍然是支离破碎和不发达的，在分析能力和地理范围方面有很大的限制。解决这些差距需要加强区域合作，增加对有针对性研究的资助，并将隐匿霉菌毒素监测纳入国家食品安全政策。

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引用次数: 0

Toxicon: X最新文献

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion