{"title":"北美和澳大利亚农田中农药从土壤中析出进入径流的情况","authors":"D. Mark Silburn, M. H. Crawford","doi":"10.1071/sr23148","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<strong> Context</strong><p>Do some pesticides run off more than others? How does pesticide runoff vary with pesticide properties?</p><strong> Aims</strong><p>Improve understanding of pesticide runoff from croplands.</p><strong> Methods</strong><p>Concentrations in surface soil and in runoff from three Australian rainfall simulation studies and three rainfall simulation and five catchment studies in North American croplands were used. The ratio of event averaged runoff concentrations and the surface soil concentrations is the runoff extraction ratio.</p><strong> Key results</strong><p>Pesticide runoff concentrations were closely related to soil surface concentrations at the start of rainfall. Runoff extraction ratios were not significantly different for 13 pesticides with a wide range of properties, on gentle slopes (0–3%), but were significantly lower for three pesticides. On steeper slopes, runoff extraction was significantly greater for atrazine but lower for glyphosate and metolachlor. Low sloping, furrow irrigated fields had low sediment concentrations and low pesticide runoff concentrations for more tightly sorbed pesticides, but not for less sorbed pesticides. Runoff extraction was not significantly different for simulated and most catchment studies.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Similar runoff extraction ratios were due to similar hydrology and limited sediment concentrations. Different runoff extraction occurs on bare soil if (a) pesticides are leached from the runoff-mixing layer, requiring sorption coefficients less than two and significant infiltration, and no interflow, (b) sediment concentrations are either low (<2 g L<sup>−1</sup>) or high (>100 g L<sup>−1</sup>) and (c) pesticides have different concentration profiles in the runoff-mixing layer.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Conditions studied apply for croplands in the North American mid-west on silty soils and for Australian clay soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":21818,"journal":{"name":"Soil Research","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Pesticide extraction from soil into runoff in North American and Australian croplands\",\"authors\":\"D. Mark Silburn, M. H. 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On steeper slopes, runoff extraction was significantly greater for atrazine but lower for glyphosate and metolachlor. Low sloping, furrow irrigated fields had low sediment concentrations and low pesticide runoff concentrations for more tightly sorbed pesticides, but not for less sorbed pesticides. Runoff extraction was not significantly different for simulated and most catchment studies.</p><strong> Conclusions</strong><p>Similar runoff extraction ratios were due to similar hydrology and limited sediment concentrations. Different runoff extraction occurs on bare soil if (a) pesticides are leached from the runoff-mixing layer, requiring sorption coefficients less than two and significant infiltration, and no interflow, (b) sediment concentrations are either low (<2 g L<sup>−1</sup>) or high (>100 g L<sup>−1</sup>) and (c) pesticides have different concentration profiles in the runoff-mixing layer.</p><strong> Implications</strong><p>Conditions studied apply for croplands in the North American mid-west on silty soils and for Australian clay soils.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":21818,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Soil Research\",\"volume\":\"59 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-04-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Soil Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"97\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23148\",\"RegionNum\":4,\"RegionCategory\":\"农林科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"SOIL SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Soil Research","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1071/sr23148","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"SOIL SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景有些农药会比其他农药流失更多吗？农药径流如何随农药特性而变化？目的加深对农田农药径流的了解。方法利用澳大利亚的三项降雨模拟研究和北美农田的三项降雨模拟研究及五项集水区研究得出的表层土壤和径流中的浓度。事件平均径流浓度与地表土壤浓度之比就是径流提取率。主要结果农药径流浓度与降雨开始时的土壤表层浓度密切相关。在缓坡（0-3%）上，13 种性质各异的农药的径流萃取率差异不大，但有三种农药的径流萃取率明显较低。在较陡的斜坡上，莠去津的径流萃取率明显较高，但草甘膦和甲草胺的径流萃取率较低。在低坡沟灌田中，吸附力较强的农药的沉积物浓度和农药径流浓度较低，而吸附力较弱的农药的沉积物浓度和农药径流浓度较低。模拟研究和大多数集水区研究的径流提取率没有明显差异。结论相似的径流萃取率是由于相似的水文和有限的沉积物浓度造成的。在以下条件下，裸露土壤的径流萃取率会有所不同：（a）农药从径流混合层中沥滤，要求吸附系数小于 2，大量渗透，且无间流；（b）沉积物浓度较低（<2 g L-1）或较高（>100 g L-1）；（c）农药在径流混合层中的浓度分布不同。影响所研究的条件适用于北美中西部淤泥质土壤上的农田和澳大利亚的粘土土壤。
Pesticide extraction from soil into runoff in North American and Australian croplands
Context
Do some pesticides run off more than others? How does pesticide runoff vary with pesticide properties?
Aims
Improve understanding of pesticide runoff from croplands.
Methods
Concentrations in surface soil and in runoff from three Australian rainfall simulation studies and three rainfall simulation and five catchment studies in North American croplands were used. The ratio of event averaged runoff concentrations and the surface soil concentrations is the runoff extraction ratio.
Key results
Pesticide runoff concentrations were closely related to soil surface concentrations at the start of rainfall. Runoff extraction ratios were not significantly different for 13 pesticides with a wide range of properties, on gentle slopes (0–3%), but were significantly lower for three pesticides. On steeper slopes, runoff extraction was significantly greater for atrazine but lower for glyphosate and metolachlor. Low sloping, furrow irrigated fields had low sediment concentrations and low pesticide runoff concentrations for more tightly sorbed pesticides, but not for less sorbed pesticides. Runoff extraction was not significantly different for simulated and most catchment studies.
Conclusions
Similar runoff extraction ratios were due to similar hydrology and limited sediment concentrations. Different runoff extraction occurs on bare soil if (a) pesticides are leached from the runoff-mixing layer, requiring sorption coefficients less than two and significant infiltration, and no interflow, (b) sediment concentrations are either low (<2 g L−1) or high (>100 g L−1) and (c) pesticides have different concentration profiles in the runoff-mixing layer.
Implications
Conditions studied apply for croplands in the North American mid-west on silty soils and for Australian clay soils.
期刊介绍：
Soil Research (formerly known as Australian Journal of Soil Research) is an international journal that aims to rapidly publish high-quality, novel research about fundamental and applied aspects of soil science. As well as publishing in traditional aspects of soil biology, soil physics and soil chemistry across terrestrial ecosystems, the journal welcomes manuscripts dealing with wider interactions of soils with the environment.
Soil Research is published with the endorsement of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the Australian Academy of Science.
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