Review of Local Cellular and Molecular Processes of Bone Tissue Regeneration Induced by Calcium Phosphate Materials

Abstract

One of the leading causes of hospitalization, disability, and mortality in 50% of women and 20% of men in age group over 50 years of age is bone fractures and their complications caused by diseases musculoskeletal system. There is an active search for a solution to the problem associated with the limitations of using auto-, allo-, and xenografts in the clinic to replace bone defects initiated the development a regenerative approach based on the gradual replacement of artificial material with growing bone tissue. Promise is presented in this regard by materials based on calcium phosphates, which act as an active source of chemical elements (calcium, phosphorus, etc.) capable of optimizing the process of healing of a bone defect and ensuring the replacement of an implant with new bone tissue. This review summarizes data from the literature on the local biological activity, target cells, and molecular effects of calcium phosphates. Calcium phosphate materials have been shown to be biocompatible and are able to adsorb regulatory proteins and cells, influencing their genetic and secretory apparatus and triggering the process of differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in the osteogenic direction. At the same time, the successful implementation of local mechanisms of osseointegration at the bone–implant interface reduces the risk of periprosthetic infection and rejection of artificial products. Further study and use of calcium phosphate materials will make it possible to make a significant breakthrough in solving modern problems of bone tissue regeneration associated with a precise (digital) bioengineering approach based on additive technologies and artificial intelligence.