S. Bhattacharya, L. Lefèvre, T. Chatzistergos, H. Hayakawa, M. Jansen
{"title":"鲁道夫-沃尔夫(Rudolf Wolf)到阿尔弗雷德-沃尔夫(Alfred Wolfer):国际太阳黑子数列参考观测员的转移(1876-1893 年)","authors":"S. Bhattacharya, L. Lefèvre, T. Chatzistergos, H. Hayakawa, M. Jansen","doi":"10.1007/s11207-024-02261-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1876, Alfred Wolfer started observing the Sun and recording the properties of sunspots alongside Rudolf Wolf. Their observations became the basis for the construction of the sunspot-number series. After Wolf’s death in 1893, Wolfer became the primary observer for the sunspot-number series. Even though the observations of Wolf and Wolfer had an overlap of almost 17 years (1876–1893), this shift of primary observer from Wolf to Wolfer seems to have led to inconsistencies in the sunspot-number series, primarily due to inhomogeneities in Wolf’s observations. To address this issue we digitise Mittheilungen (Wolf’s journals) and analyse their tabulated datasets. These journals include the raw sunspot data from various observers that the Zürich Observatory used to compile the sunspot number series (SNV1). These datasets have been used as source data for the construction of the first version of the sunspot number (SNV1) series, but they were not digitally accessible for a recalibration of the sunspot-number series until recently. We have also acquired external datasets from recent archival investigations for contemporaneous sunspot observations. In this study, we use the Mittheilungen dataset to produce a new recalibration of the sunspot-number series covering 1816–1944, using four major observers (Tevel, Schwabe, Weber and Wolfer) as backbones. The availability of the raw data allows us to identify issues in the determination of the scaling factors or <span>\\(k\\)</span>-factors, between the records of different observers, but also the use of modern techniques for cross-calibrations. Our reconstruction for the years 1816–1944 is carried out with a novel method inspired by Chatzistergos et al. (<i>Astron. Astrophys</i>. <b>602</b>, A69, 2017) allowing us to eliminate inconsistencies that resulted from the application of erroneous <span>\\(k\\)</span>-factors.</p>","PeriodicalId":777,"journal":{"name":"Solar Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Rudolf Wolf to Alfred Wolfer: The Transfer of the Reference Observer in the International Sunspot Number Series (1876–1893)\",\"authors\":\"S. Bhattacharya, L. Lefèvre, T. Chatzistergos, H. Hayakawa, M. Jansen\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s11207-024-02261-7\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p>In 1876, Alfred Wolfer started observing the Sun and recording the properties of sunspots alongside Rudolf Wolf. Their observations became the basis for the construction of the sunspot-number series. After Wolf’s death in 1893, Wolfer became the primary observer for the sunspot-number series. Even though the observations of Wolf and Wolfer had an overlap of almost 17 years (1876–1893), this shift of primary observer from Wolf to Wolfer seems to have led to inconsistencies in the sunspot-number series, primarily due to inhomogeneities in Wolf’s observations. To address this issue we digitise Mittheilungen (Wolf’s journals) and analyse their tabulated datasets. These journals include the raw sunspot data from various observers that the Zürich Observatory used to compile the sunspot number series (SNV1). These datasets have been used as source data for the construction of the first version of the sunspot number (SNV1) series, but they were not digitally accessible for a recalibration of the sunspot-number series until recently. We have also acquired external datasets from recent archival investigations for contemporaneous sunspot observations. In this study, we use the Mittheilungen dataset to produce a new recalibration of the sunspot-number series covering 1816–1944, using four major observers (Tevel, Schwabe, Weber and Wolfer) as backbones. The availability of the raw data allows us to identify issues in the determination of the scaling factors or <span>\\\\(k\\\\)</span>-factors, between the records of different observers, but also the use of modern techniques for cross-calibrations. Our reconstruction for the years 1816–1944 is carried out with a novel method inspired by Chatzistergos et al. (<i>Astron. 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Rudolf Wolf to Alfred Wolfer: The Transfer of the Reference Observer in the International Sunspot Number Series (1876–1893)
In 1876, Alfred Wolfer started observing the Sun and recording the properties of sunspots alongside Rudolf Wolf. Their observations became the basis for the construction of the sunspot-number series. After Wolf’s death in 1893, Wolfer became the primary observer for the sunspot-number series. Even though the observations of Wolf and Wolfer had an overlap of almost 17 years (1876–1893), this shift of primary observer from Wolf to Wolfer seems to have led to inconsistencies in the sunspot-number series, primarily due to inhomogeneities in Wolf’s observations. To address this issue we digitise Mittheilungen (Wolf’s journals) and analyse their tabulated datasets. These journals include the raw sunspot data from various observers that the Zürich Observatory used to compile the sunspot number series (SNV1). These datasets have been used as source data for the construction of the first version of the sunspot number (SNV1) series, but they were not digitally accessible for a recalibration of the sunspot-number series until recently. We have also acquired external datasets from recent archival investigations for contemporaneous sunspot observations. In this study, we use the Mittheilungen dataset to produce a new recalibration of the sunspot-number series covering 1816–1944, using four major observers (Tevel, Schwabe, Weber and Wolfer) as backbones. The availability of the raw data allows us to identify issues in the determination of the scaling factors or \(k\)-factors, between the records of different observers, but also the use of modern techniques for cross-calibrations. Our reconstruction for the years 1816–1944 is carried out with a novel method inspired by Chatzistergos et al. (Astron. Astrophys. 602, A69, 2017) allowing us to eliminate inconsistencies that resulted from the application of erroneous \(k\)-factors.
期刊介绍:
Solar Physics was founded in 1967 and is the principal journal for the publication of the results of fundamental research on the Sun. The journal treats all aspects of solar physics, ranging from the internal structure of the Sun and its evolution to the outer corona and solar wind in interplanetary space. Papers on solar-terrestrial physics and on stellar research are also published when their results have a direct bearing on our understanding of the Sun.