Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Poly(methylmethacrylate)-Embedded Bone

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is a widely employed technique in proteomics research for studying the proteome biology of various clinical samples. Hard tissues, such as bone and teeth, are routinely preserved using synthetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) embedding resins that enable histological, immunohistochemical, and morphological examination. However, the suitability of PMMA-embedded hard tissues for large-scale proteomic analysis remained unexplored. This study is the first to report on the feasibility of PMMA-embedded bone samples for LC–MS/MS analysis. Conventional workflows yielded merely limited coverage of the bone proteome. Using advanced strategies of prefractionation by high-pH reversed-phase liquid chromatography in combination with isobaric tandem mass tag labeling resulted in proteome coverage exceeding 1000 protein identifications. The quantitative comparison with cryopreserved samples revealed that each sample preparation workflow had a distinct impact on the proteomic profile. However, workflow replicates exhibited a high reproducibility for PMMA-embedded samples. Our findings further demonstrate that decalcification prior to protein extraction, along with the analysis of solubilization fractions, is not preferred for PMMA-embedded bone. The biological applicability of the proposed workflow was demonstrated using samples of human PMMA-embedded alveolar bone and the iliac crest, which revealed anatomical site-specific proteomic profiles. Overall, these results establish a crucial foundation for large-scale proteomics studies contributing to our knowledge of bone biology.