Pride (in the name of tourism): Mitigating the effects of overtourism on festivals

During popular festivals, overtourism can be a significant problem that negatively affects many tourist destinations. This study carried out a systematic review of the literature on pride and the effects of perceived overtourism. Based on the variables and concepts found in the literature, a questionnaire was developed with 37 items that reflect different dimensions and stages of mitigating the effects of overtourism. Experts were consulted for questionnaire validation, and the validation process was conducted through a sequential procedure. The questionnaire's psychometric properties were tested using principal component analysis (PCA) and least squares partial structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that the developed scale has good internal consistency and construct validity. The results demonstrate that cultural and economic aspects strongly influence residents' pride, giving them a more positive perception of the festival, despite the challenges associated with tourist saturation.