Khrystyne Tschinkel , John Verano , Gabriel Prieto
{"title":"公元 1540 年与周边国家接触(早期殖民地)期间秘鲁北部沿海地区的两例天花病例","authors":"Khrystyne Tschinkel , John Verano , Gabriel Prieto","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This project seeks to create a differential diagnosis for lesions found on the skeletal remains of two children as a means to explore the presence of viral disease in 16th- century Peru.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Extremely well-preserved human remains of two children who died between the ages of 1–2 years old, recovered from the circum-contact (∼1540 CE) cemetery in Huanchaco, Peru.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Macroscopic and radiographic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both individuals present with cortical thickening, symmetrical destructive lesions, metaphyseal expansion, perforations, exposure of the medullary cavity, resorption of metaphyseal ends and necrosis of the long bones, and deposited reactive new bone. These features are consistent with osteomyelitis variolosa and bacterial osteomyelitis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Three features of Individuals IG-124 and IG-493 suggest a highly consistent diagnosis of osteomyelitis variolosa: multiple skeletal lesions, the historical context of the area, and the high mortality rate of non-adults in the circum-contact cemetery.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Although viral infections are ubiquitous and well documented historically, their etiologies are often difficult to determine in archaeological populations. <em>Orthopoxvirus variola</em> (smallpox) is one of the many viruses whose archaeological impact is still under explored in skeletal remains.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The absence of smallpox in other children from the Huanchaco cemetery creates difficulty in ascertaining true prevalence rates or information on potential outbreaks.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Further research analyzing aDNA from calculus and/or residues using a <em>DIP</em>-GC-MS method might create a better understanding of how smallpox spread through the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724001992/pdfft?md5=3179789233e30ad35bab42123adb2aed&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981724001992-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Two cases of smallpox from 1540 CE circum-contact (early colonial) Northern Coastal Peru\",\"authors\":\"Khrystyne Tschinkel , John Verano , Gabriel Prieto\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijpp.2024.04.002\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This project seeks to create a differential diagnosis for lesions found on the skeletal remains of two children as a means to explore the presence of viral disease in 16th- century Peru.</p></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><p>Extremely well-preserved human remains of two children who died between the ages of 1–2 years old, recovered from the circum-contact (∼1540 CE) cemetery in Huanchaco, Peru.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Macroscopic and radiographic analysis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Both individuals present with cortical thickening, symmetrical destructive lesions, metaphyseal expansion, perforations, exposure of the medullary cavity, resorption of metaphyseal ends and necrosis of the long bones, and deposited reactive new bone. These features are consistent with osteomyelitis variolosa and bacterial osteomyelitis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Three features of Individuals IG-124 and IG-493 suggest a highly consistent diagnosis of osteomyelitis variolosa: multiple skeletal lesions, the historical context of the area, and the high mortality rate of non-adults in the circum-contact cemetery.</p></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><p>Although viral infections are ubiquitous and well documented historically, their etiologies are often difficult to determine in archaeological populations. <em>Orthopoxvirus variola</em> (smallpox) is one of the many viruses whose archaeological impact is still under explored in skeletal remains.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The absence of smallpox in other children from the Huanchaco cemetery creates difficulty in ascertaining true prevalence rates or information on potential outbreaks.</p></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><p>Further research analyzing aDNA from calculus and/or residues using a <em>DIP</em>-GC-MS method might create a better understanding of how smallpox spread through the region.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":48817,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Journal of Paleopathology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":1.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-04-22\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724001992/pdfft?md5=3179789233e30ad35bab42123adb2aed&pid=1-s2.0-S1879981724001992-main.pdf\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Journal of Paleopathology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"89\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724001992\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"地球科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q3\",\"JCRName\":\"PALEONTOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Paleopathology","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981724001992","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PALEONTOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Two cases of smallpox from 1540 CE circum-contact (early colonial) Northern Coastal Peru
Objective
This project seeks to create a differential diagnosis for lesions found on the skeletal remains of two children as a means to explore the presence of viral disease in 16th- century Peru.
Materials
Extremely well-preserved human remains of two children who died between the ages of 1–2 years old, recovered from the circum-contact (∼1540 CE) cemetery in Huanchaco, Peru.
Methods
Macroscopic and radiographic analysis.
Results
Both individuals present with cortical thickening, symmetrical destructive lesions, metaphyseal expansion, perforations, exposure of the medullary cavity, resorption of metaphyseal ends and necrosis of the long bones, and deposited reactive new bone. These features are consistent with osteomyelitis variolosa and bacterial osteomyelitis.
Conclusions
Three features of Individuals IG-124 and IG-493 suggest a highly consistent diagnosis of osteomyelitis variolosa: multiple skeletal lesions, the historical context of the area, and the high mortality rate of non-adults in the circum-contact cemetery.
Significance
Although viral infections are ubiquitous and well documented historically, their etiologies are often difficult to determine in archaeological populations. Orthopoxvirus variola (smallpox) is one of the many viruses whose archaeological impact is still under explored in skeletal remains.
Limitations
The absence of smallpox in other children from the Huanchaco cemetery creates difficulty in ascertaining true prevalence rates or information on potential outbreaks.
Suggestions for further research
Further research analyzing aDNA from calculus and/or residues using a DIP-GC-MS method might create a better understanding of how smallpox spread through the region.
期刊介绍:
Paleopathology is the study and application of methods and techniques for investigating diseases and related conditions from skeletal and soft tissue remains. The International Journal of Paleopathology (IJPP) will publish original and significant articles on human and animal (including hominids) disease, based upon the study of physical remains, including osseous, dental, and preserved soft tissues at a range of methodological levels, from direct observation to molecular, chemical, histological and radiographic analysis. Discussion of ways in which these methods can be applied to the reconstruction of health, disease and life histories in the past is central to the discipline, so the journal would also encourage papers covering interpretive and theoretical issues, and those that place the study of disease at the centre of a bioarchaeological or biocultural approach. Papers dealing with historical evidence relating to disease in the past (rather than history of medicine) will also be published. The journal will also accept significant studies that applied previously developed techniques to new materials, setting the research in the context of current debates on past human and animal health.