Recent advances in polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) membranes: Delving into the intrinsic microstructure for carbon capture and arduous industrial applications

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are unique polymers known for their intrinsic micro-scale porosity contributed by bulky and rigid contortion sites in the polymer backbone. Inherent attributes of PIMs, such as structural diversity and good processability have made them valuable in various applications. Herein, we outlined a comprehensive overview on the latest progress of ladder PIMs on different industrial challenges. This review has systematically discussed the state-of-the-art ladder PIMs redesigned on intrinsic micro-structure through five different perspectives, including (i) architecting the polymer backbone, (ii) post-modification on polymer structure, (iii) polymer blends and copolymerization, (iv) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), and (v) post-modification on membranes, aiming to address the carbon-related international treaties. A summary of their CO₂ capture performance on Robeson plots is portrayed and evaluated. In addition, the implementation of PIMs in energy-efficient membrane-based olefin/paraffin separation is highlighted. Subsequently, solution-processable ladder PIMs, in the form of powder, nanofibrous, films or membranes applied in the field of environmental application, catalysis, electrochemical energy storage and conversion, sensing, and 3D printing are emphasized. Along with the contemplation on outlook and future perspective, this review is anticipated to path a new avenue for the continuous development and optimization of PIMs materials in sustainable applications.