Pediatric tuberculosis in Mexico: A retrospective analysis of 100 patients

Background

Analyzing the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of pediatric tuberculosis in endemic regions is crucial to meet the goal of ending tuberculosis. The objective was to assess the various clinical scenarios of tuberculosis in a large pediatric cohort in Mexico.

Methods

This retrospective study from a pediatric referral center in Mexico included patients diagnosed with tuberculosis from 2012 to 2021. We analyzed clinical data and diagnostic study results, including demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions, BCG vaccination, clinical presentation, imaging findings, microbiologic data, treatment, and clinical outcomes. Basic descriptive statistics and Chi-squared analysis were performed to summarize the metadata of pediatric patients with different clinical presentations of tuberculosis and evaluate their association with mortality, respectively.

Results

A total of 100 patients were included with a mean age of 7.76 years ± 1.49 years. The most prevalent clinical presentation was pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 51). Only 51 patients were immunized with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine. The most commons symptoms were fever, cough and weight loss. Among patients with meningeal tuberculosis (n = 14), the most common clinical signs were seizures, fever, and vomiting. Cure was achieved in 52 patients, 12 patients died, and 36 continue in treatment. Clinical presentation of tuberculosis (p-value = 0.009) and immunodeficiency (p-value = 0.015) were significantly associated with mortality.

Conclusions

Increasing the visibility of tuberculosis is imperative to end this disease. We report relevant clinical data of a large pediatric tuberculosis cohort, stratified by the different forms of disease. A high index of suspicion of tuberculosis is required for a timely diagnosis and treatment initiation, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, in whom mortality is higher.