A new virtual consensus-based wide area differential protection

This paper introduces a virtual consensus-based wide area differential protection method through cooperative control concepts and graph theory. Using multi-agent systems eliminates the need for a direct telecommunication connection between the protective relays to implement the proposed differential protection. In addition, applying telecommunication subgraphs facilitates the establishment of numerous differential protection areas. Collaboration between protected areas is facilitated by common agents, establishing a wide-area cooperative protection network. The capability of the network operator to define various protection areas and the collaboration between these areas ensure the versatility of the proposed method for various protection purposes. The present paper primarily represents the application of the proposed protection system as a wide-area supervisor protection for distance relays. Performance evaluations on an IEEE 39-bus test system illustrate the method's effectiveness in various scenarios. The results show enhanced power system stability and resilience, particularly when traditional methods struggle to detect power swings with high impedance variation rates.