Effect of MXene Ti3C2 on the PVDF ultrafiltration membrane properties and performance

water treatment due to its high efficacy and minimal energy consumption. This study made a nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane out of MXene Ti 3 C 2 nanosheets, a new two-dimensional material, to improve the antifouling properties of PVDF membranes. It was possible to incorporate the nanosheets into the membrane structure through in situ embedment during the phase inversion process. To learn more about them, the study investigated the membranes using FESEM, FTIR, water contact angle (CA), and porosity measurements. The application of common flux and rejection tests assessed the manufactured membranes' performance. Adding MXene Ti 3 C 2 to membranes made them less hydrophobic than the original membrane that wasn't mixed with anything else. The porosity and pore size of the membrane exhibit an increase in the MXene ratio. The mixed matrix membrane containing 0.5 wt% of Ti 3 C 2 (M3) exhibited the lowest contact angle (CA). The modification of membrane characteristics has a positive impact on their overall performance. The membrane exhibiting the greatest porosity, specifically 0.5 wt% of Ti 3 C 2 , N5, demonstrated the highest flux rates for pure water and protein solution, measuring 538 L/m 2 .h and 467.8 L/m 2 .h, respectively. The membrane with the highest hydrophilicity, which was labeled as M3, had much better protein rejection and flux recovery rates than the pure membrane. Specifically, the recorded values for M3 were 96.6, whereas the corresponding values for the pristine membrane were 59.6. MXene Ti 3 C 2 has some interesting properties, such as better water permeability, protein rejection, and excellent antifouling abilities, which makes it a possible material for changing antifouling membranes.