生物圈保护区社区生计概览:基于 21 世纪可持续生计框架

Lun Yang
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摘要

生物圈保护区(BR)是 "人与生物圈计划 "为实现人与自然和谐共处而提出的保护区。以社区生计为代表的人类活动一直是生物圈保护区保护和发展的关键问题之一。然而,由于缺乏对生物圈保护区社区生计现状和问题的全面研究,给政策制定和管理带来了困难。本研究试图以文献综述的形式,以 "生物圈保护与生计 "为关键词,以 "21 世纪可持续生计框架 "为路线图,通过对学术文献的筛选,对生物圈保护区社区生计的概况进行归纳和梳理。结果发现,生物圈保护区的社区生计高度依赖环境资源,增加了脆弱性。虽然建立生物圈保护区为社区带来了经济和商业机会,但同时也提供了维持生计所需的环境资源、公共服务和气候环境背景下的地理区域。然而,社区生计与气候环境背景在生物圈保护区的环境资源和公共服务方面呈现出 "供需不匹配 "的矛盾关系。在地域上,非法活动、外来物种入侵、野生动物与人类的冲突等带来的矛盾也在逐渐增加。同时,有形资产和金融资产的不平衡,以及褒贬不一的关系权力,也对 BR 社区生计的可持续发展提出了挑战。因此,本研究认为,在多方利益相关者的共同努力下,可以通过生计多样化、社区参与式管理、社区空间格局细化等方式,为社区寻求除对环境资源高度依赖的初始生计之外的友好社区生计。
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An overview of community livelihoods in Biosphere Reserves: based on the sustainable livelihoods framework for the 21st century
Biosphere Reserves (BRs) are the protected areas proposed by the Man and the Biosphere Programme for harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. Human activities represented by community livelihoods have always been one of the critical issues in the protection and development of BRs. However, the lack of comprehensive research on the status quo and problems of community livelihoods in BRs has caused difficulties in policy formulation and management. In the form of a literature review, this study attempts to summarize and sort out the overview of community livelihoods in BRs by screening the academic literature with the keywords of BRs and livelihoods and using the 21st Century Sustainable Livelihood Framework as the road map. As a result, community livelihoods in BRs highly depend on environmental resources, increasing vulnerability. Although establishing BRs has brought financial and business opportunities to the community, it also provides environmental resources, public services, and geographical areas in the climate-environmental context needed for livelihood maintenance. However, community livelihoods and climate-environmental context show a contradictory relationship of ‘mismatch between supply and demand’ in environmental resources and public services in BRs. In geographical areas, the conflicts brought by illegal activities, invasive alien species, and wildlife-human conflicts are also gradually increasing. At the same time, unbalanced physical and financial assets and relational power with mixed praise also challenge the sustainable development of community livelihoods in BRs. Therefore, this study believes that through multi-stakeholder joint efforts, BRs Friendly Community Livelihoods other than the initial livelihood with high environmental resource dependence can be sought for communities through livelihood diversification, community participatory management, and community spatial pattern refinement.
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