Riparian invader: A secondary metabolite of Impatiens glandulifera impairs the development of the freshwater invertebrate key species Chironomus riparius

Invasive species represent a significant threat to native biodiversity. The Himalayan Balsam Impatiens glandulifera is an annual plant, which is invasive in Europe and often inhabits the riparian zone. It produces several secondary metabolites causing, for example, growth inhibition of terrestrial plants and invertebrates. One of these metabolites is the quinone 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (2-MNQ). The compound gets washed out from the above-ground parts of the plant during precipitation and may then leach into nearby waterbodies. Despite some evidence for the allelopathic effect of plant secondary metabolites on terrestrial invertebrates, little is known about how 2-MNQ affects the survival or development of aquatic dipteran larvae, despite the importance of this functional group in European freshwaters. Here, we investigated the effects of 2-MNQ on larvae of the river keystone species Chironomus riparius in acute and chronic scenarios. The toxicity of 2-MNQ towards the first and the fourth larval stage was determined in a 48-hour acute exposure assay. We show that 2-MNQ has a negative impact on the development, growth and survival of C. riparius. The LC50 of 2-MNQ was 3.19 mg/l for the first instar and 2.09 mg/l for the fourth instar. A ten-day chronic exposure experiment, where the water was spiked with 2-MNQ, revealed that 2-MNQ had a significantly negative impact on larval body size, head capsule size, body weight, development and survival. These results demonstrate the negative impact of the secondary metabolite 2-MNQ from the terrestrial plant I. glandulifera on a crucial macroinvertebrate inhabiting the adjacent stream ecosystem in riverine ecosystems. This may lead to a decline in population size, resulting in cascading effects on the food web.