A review of interface engineering characteristics for high performance perovskite solar cells

The use of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) holds immense promise in electricity generation due to their high efficiency and potential for cost-effective production. However, their practical application faces limitations due to issues like sensitivity to moisture, ion migration, and interface defects, affecting their stability and lifespan. This work delves into the critical role of interface materials in enhancing the stability and effectiveness of perovskite solar cells. Techniques such as passivation and encapsulation designed to mitigate these challenges are comprehensively explored. The study investigates the root causes of perovskite deterioration and how engineering interfaces can bolster the durability of these devices. Various methods for passivation, including surface modification, self-assembled monolayers, and utilizing materials with wide band gaps, are scrutinized for their ability to reduce defects and control degradation problems. Furthermore, strategies involving barrier films, polymers, and hybrid inorganic-organic materials are evaluated for their potential to shield perovskite layers from moisture and environmental influences, thereby prolonging the devices' lifetime. The interconnected nature of passivation layers, encapsulation techniques, and their suitability for large-scale manufacturing processes are presented. The analysis outlines the challenges and opportunities in developing interface materials for perovskite solar cells, considering the trade-offs between device performance, stability, and affordability. Accordingly, potential future pathways and emerging trends in interface engineering for the next generation of perovskite solar cells are suggested, aimed at propelling these devices towards commercial success by achieving high efficiency and long-term stability.