T Jung, I Milenković, Y Balci, J Janoušek, T Kudláček, Z Á Nagy, B Baharuddin, J Bakonyi, K D Broders, S O Cacciola, T-T Chang, N M Chi, T Corcobado, A Cravador, B Đorđević, A Durán, M Ferreira, C-H Fu, L Garcia, A Hieno, H-H Ho, C Hong, M Junaid, K Kageyama, T Kuswinanti, C Maia, T Májek, H Masuya, G Magnano di San Lio, B Mendieta-Araica, N Nasri, L S S Oliveira, A Pane, A Pérez-Sierra, A Rosmana, E Sanfuentes von Stowasser, B Scanu, R Singh, Z Stanivuković, M Tarigan, P Q Thu, Z Tomić, M Tomšovský, S Uematsu, J F Webber, H-C Zeng, F-C Zheng, C M Brasier, M Horta Jung
{"title":"全球森林调查揭示了 Phytophthora major Clade 2 中的 43 个新物种，对该属的进化和生物地理学以及全球植物生物安全具有重要意义。","authors":"T Jung, I Milenković, Y Balci, J Janoušek, T Kudláček, Z Á Nagy, B Baharuddin, J Bakonyi, K D Broders, S O Cacciola, T-T Chang, N M Chi, T Corcobado, A Cravador, B Đorđević, A Durán, M Ferreira, C-H Fu, L Garcia, A Hieno, H-H Ho, C Hong, M Junaid, K Kageyama, T Kuswinanti, C Maia, T Májek, H Masuya, G Magnano di San Lio, B Mendieta-Araica, N Nasri, L S S Oliveira, A Pane, A Pérez-Sierra, A Rosmana, E Sanfuentes von Stowasser, B Scanu, R Singh, Z Stanivuković, M Tarigan, P Q Thu, Z Tomić, M Tomšovský, S Uematsu, J F Webber, H-C Zeng, F-C Zheng, C M Brasier, M Horta Jung","doi":"10.3114/sim.2024.107.04","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During 25 surveys of global <i>Phytophthora</i> diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and, occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a-c, e and f, of <i>Phytophthora</i> major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g. The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels <i>ca</i>. 38 % of the taxa in Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the <i>Phytophthora</i> clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single <i>Phytophthora</i> clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia, Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in <i>Phytophthora</i>. <b>Taxonomic novelties: New species:</b> <i>Phytophthora amamensis</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, <i>Phytophthora angustata</i> T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, <i>Phytophthora balkanensis</i> I. Milenković, Ž. Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora borneensis</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora calidophila</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, <i>Phytophthora catenulata</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora celeris</i> T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora curvata</i> T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora distorta</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora excentrica</i> T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora falcata</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora fansipanensis</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora frigidophila</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora furcata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora inclinata</i> N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora indonesiensis</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, L. Oliveira & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora japonensis</i> T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & J.F. Webber, <i>Phytophthora limosa</i> T. Corcobado, T. Majek, M. Ferreira & T. Jung, <i>Phytophthora macroglobulosa</i> H.-C. Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, <i>Phytophthora montana</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora multipapillata</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora multiplex</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora nimia</i> T. Jung, H. Masuya, A. Hieno & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora oblonga</i> T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora obovoidea</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, <i>Phytophthora obturata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora penetrans</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora platani</i> T. Jung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora proliferata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudocapensis</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudocitrophthora</i> T. Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudofrigida</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudoccultans</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pyriformis</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora sumatera</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, <i>Phytophthora transposita</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, <i>Phytophthora vacuola</i> T. Jung, H. Masuya, K. Kageyama & J.F. Webber, <i>Phytophthora valdiviana</i> T. Jung, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser, A. Durán & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora variepedicellata</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora vietnamensis</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora ×australasiatica</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora ×lusitanica</i> T. Jung, M. Horta Jung, C. Maia & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora ×taiwanensis</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, H.-S. Fu & M. Horta Jung. <b>Citation:</b> Jung T, Milenković I, Balci Y, Janoušek J, Kudláček T, Nagy ZÁ, Baharuddin B, Bakonyi J, Broders KD, Cacciola SO, Chang T-T, Chi NM, Corcobado T, Cravador A, Đorđević B, Durán A, Ferreira M, Fu C-H, Garcia L, Hieno A, Ho H-H, Hong C, Junaid M, Kageyama K, Kuswinanti T, Maia C, Májek T, Masuya H, Magnano di San Lio G, Mendieta-Araica B, Nasri N, Oliveira LSS, Pane A, Pérez-Sierra A, Rosmana A, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E, Scanu B, Singh R, Stanivuković Z, Tarigan M, Thu PQ, Tomić Z, Tomšovský M, Uematsu S, Webber JF, Zeng H-C, Zheng F-C, Brasier CM, Horta Jung M (2024). Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in <i>Phytophthora</i> major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity. <i>Studies in Mycology</i> <b>107</b>: 251-388. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.107.04.</p>","PeriodicalId":22036,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Mycology","volume":"107 ","pages":"251-388"},"PeriodicalIF":14.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11003442/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in <i>Phytophthora</i> major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity.\",\"authors\":\"T Jung, I Milenković, Y Balci, J Janoušek, T Kudláček, Z Á Nagy, B Baharuddin, J Bakonyi, K D Broders, S O Cacciola, T-T Chang, N M Chi, T Corcobado, A Cravador, B Đorđević, A Durán, M Ferreira, C-H Fu, L Garcia, A Hieno, H-H Ho, C Hong, M Junaid, K Kageyama, T Kuswinanti, C Maia, T Májek, H Masuya, G Magnano di San Lio, B Mendieta-Araica, N Nasri, L S S Oliveira, A Pane, A Pérez-Sierra, A Rosmana, E Sanfuentes von Stowasser, B Scanu, R Singh, Z Stanivuković, M Tarigan, P Q Thu, Z Tomić, M Tomšovský, S Uematsu, J F Webber, H-C Zeng, F-C Zheng, C M Brasier, M Horta Jung\",\"doi\":\"10.3114/sim.2024.107.04\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>During 25 surveys of global <i>Phytophthora</i> diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and, occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a-c, e and f, of <i>Phytophthora</i> major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g. The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels <i>ca</i>. 38 % of the taxa in Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the <i>Phytophthora</i> clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single <i>Phytophthora</i> clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia, Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in <i>Phytophthora</i>. <b>Taxonomic novelties: New species:</b> <i>Phytophthora amamensis</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, <i>Phytophthora angustata</i> T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, <i>Phytophthora balkanensis</i> I. Milenković, Ž. Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora borneensis</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora calidophila</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, <i>Phytophthora catenulata</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora celeris</i> T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora curvata</i> T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora distorta</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora excentrica</i> T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora falcata</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora fansipanensis</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora frigidophila</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora furcata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora inclinata</i> N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora indonesiensis</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, L. Oliveira & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora japonensis</i> T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & J.F. Webber, <i>Phytophthora limosa</i> T. Corcobado, T. Majek, M. Ferreira & T. Jung, <i>Phytophthora macroglobulosa</i> H.-C. Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, <i>Phytophthora montana</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora multipapillata</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora multiplex</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora nimia</i> T. Jung, H. Masuya, A. Hieno & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora oblonga</i> T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, <i>Phytophthora obovoidea</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, <i>Phytophthora obturata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora penetrans</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora platani</i> T. Jung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora proliferata</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudocapensis</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudocitrophthora</i> T. Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudofrigida</i> T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pseudoccultans</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora pyriformis</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora sumatera</i> T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, <i>Phytophthora transposita</i> T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, <i>Phytophthora vacuola</i> T. Jung, H. Masuya, K. Kageyama & J.F. Webber, <i>Phytophthora valdiviana</i> T. Jung, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser, A. Durán & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora variepedicellata</i> T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora vietnamensis</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora ×australasiatica</i> T. Jung, N.M. Chi, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, <i>Phytophthora ×lusitanica</i> T. Jung, M. Horta Jung, C. Maia & I. Milenković, <i>Phytophthora ×taiwanensis</i> T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, H.-S. Fu & M. Horta Jung. <b>Citation:</b> Jung T, Milenković I, Balci Y, Janoušek J, Kudláček T, Nagy ZÁ, Baharuddin B, Bakonyi J, Broders KD, Cacciola SO, Chang T-T, Chi NM, Corcobado T, Cravador A, Đorđević B, Durán A, Ferreira M, Fu C-H, Garcia L, Hieno A, Ho H-H, Hong C, Junaid M, Kageyama K, Kuswinanti T, Maia C, Májek T, Masuya H, Magnano di San Lio G, Mendieta-Araica B, Nasri N, Oliveira LSS, Pane A, Pérez-Sierra A, Rosmana A, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E, Scanu B, Singh R, Stanivuković Z, Tarigan M, Thu PQ, Tomić Z, Tomšovský M, Uematsu S, Webber JF, Zeng H-C, Zheng F-C, Brasier CM, Horta Jung M (2024). Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in <i>Phytophthora</i> major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity. <i>Studies in Mycology</i> <b>107</b>: 251-388. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.107.04.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":22036,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Studies in Mycology\",\"volume\":\"107 \",\"pages\":\"251-388\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":14.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-03-01\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11003442/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Studies in Mycology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2024.107.04\",\"RegionNum\":1,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"2024/2/27 0:00:00\",\"PubModel\":\"Epub\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MYCOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Studies in Mycology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2024.107.04","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/2/27 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MYCOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
在 1998 年至 2020 年期间进行的 25 次全球疫霉多样性调查中，在欧洲、东南亚、东亚和美洲的自然生态系统以及偶尔在苗圃和外植植物中发现了 43 个新物种。根据 9 个核基因区和 4 个线粒体基因区的多基因系统进化，它们被归入已知的 6 个亚支系中的 5 个，即 Phytophthora 主要支系 2 的 2a-c、e 和 f，以及新的亚支系 2g。该支系的进化史似乎涉及三个现存亚支系（2c、2e 和 2f）在鹅卵石万年前的分化，这三个亚支系都在不同的大陆上有不同的自然分布，包括生活方式为土生和水生的物种，此外，支系 2c 中还有一些部分为气生的物种；亚支系 2a 和 2g 在鹅卵石万年后分别在东南亚/东亚和南美洲从它们的共同祖先进化而来，支系 2b 在鹅卵石万年后从它们的共同祖先进化而来。支系 2g 中的物种在土壤中栖息，而支系 2b 则既包括在土壤中栖息的物种，也包括在空中栖息的物种。支系 2a 进一步向空中生活方式演化，只包括主要或部分在空中生活的物种。根据较高的核杂合度水平，2a 支系和 2b 支系中约 38% 的类群可能是某种形式的杂交种，A1/A2 繁殖系统和空中生活方式可能有利于这种杂交。间接证据表明，支系 2 中现已描述的 93 个物种和非正式指定的类群都是异地非适应性辐射和同地适应性辐射的结果。它们代表了整个噬菌属支系中的大多数形态和生理特征、繁殖系统、生活方式和寄主特化形式，显示了该属强大的生物凝聚力。在一个疫霉支系中发现了 43 个以前未知的物种，这凸显出在未知病原体对森林和自然生态系统的威胁程度方面严重缺乏信息，强调了主要根据命名生物清单制定植物生物安全协议的风险。需要在非洲、亚洲、中美洲和南美洲尚未调查的地区的自然生态系统中进行更多调查，以揭示该支系的全部多样性以及驱动疫霉菌多样性、物种和适应性的因素。分类学上的新发现：新物种：Phytophthora amamensis T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, Phytophthora angustata T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, Phytophthora balkanensis I. Milenković, Ž.Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora borneensis T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora calidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora catenulata T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora catenulata T. Jung, T.-T.T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora celeris T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, Phytophthora curvata T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora distorta T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora distorta T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung.Horta Jung, Phytophthora excentrica T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora falcata T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora fansipanensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M.Brasier, Phytophthora frigidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora furcata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora inclinata N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I.M. Milenković、Phytophthora indonesiensis T. Jung、M. Tarigan、L. Oliveira & I. Milenković、Phytophthora japonensis T. Jung、A. Hieno、H. Masuya & J.F. Webber、Phytophthora limosa T. Corcobado、T. Majek、M. Ferreira & T. Jung、Phytophthora macroglobulosa H.- C. Jung、Phytophthora macroglobulosa H.- J.F. Webber。C.Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C.Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, Phytophthora macroglobulosaZeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, Phytophthora montana T.Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multipapillata T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multiplex T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multiplex.Horta Jung、Phytophthora nimia T. Jung、H. Masuya、A. Hieno & C.M.Brasier、Phytophthora oblonga T. Jung、S. Uematsu、K. Kageyama & C.M.Brasier、Phytophthora obovoidea T. Jung、Y. Balci、K. Broders & M. Horta Jung、Phytophthora multiplexJung、Y. Balci、L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica、Phytophthora obturata T. Jung、N.M. Chi、I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung、Phytophthora penetrans T. Jung、Y. Balci、K. Broders & I. Milenković、Phytophthora platani T. Jung、A. Pérereković & C. M. Brasier、Phytophthora obovoidea T. Jung、Y. Balci、L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-AraicaJung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora proliferata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocapensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung.Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudofrigida T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudoccultans T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocapensis T. Jung, T.-T.T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pyriformis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora sumatera T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, Phytophthora transposita T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, Phytophthora vacuola T. Jung, H. Horta Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora sumatera T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, Phytophthora transposita T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya.
Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity.
During 25 surveys of global Phytophthora diversity, conducted between 1998 and 2020, 43 new species were detected in natural ecosystems and, occasionally, in nurseries and outplantings in Europe, Southeast and East Asia and the Americas. Based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and four mitochondrial gene regions they were assigned to five of the six known subclades, 2a-c, e and f, of Phytophthora major Clade 2 and the new subclade 2g. The evolutionary history of the Clade appears to have involved the pre-Gondwanan divergence of three extant subclades, 2c, 2e and 2f, all having disjunct natural distributions on separate continents and comprising species with a soilborne and aquatic lifestyle and, in addition, a few partially aerial species in Clade 2c; and the post-Gondwanan evolution of subclades 2a and 2g in Southeast/East Asia and 2b in South America, respectively, from their common ancestor. Species in Clade 2g are soilborne whereas Clade 2b comprises both soil-inhabiting and aerial species. Clade 2a has evolved further towards an aerial lifestyle comprising only species which are predominantly or partially airborne. Based on high nuclear heterozygosity levels ca. 38 % of the taxa in Clades 2a and 2b could be some form of hybrid, and the hybridity may be favoured by an A1/A2 breeding system and an aerial life style. Circumstantial evidence suggests the now 93 described species and informally designated taxa in Clade 2 result from both allopatric non-adaptive and sympatric adaptive radiations. They represent most morphological and physiological characters, breeding systems, lifestyles and forms of host specialism found across the Phytophthora clades as a whole, demonstrating the strong biological cohesiveness of the genus. The finding of 43 previously unknown species from a single Phytophthora clade highlight a critical lack of information on the scale of the unknown pathogen threats to forests and natural ecosystems, underlining the risk of basing plant biosecurity protocols mainly on lists of named organisms. More surveys in natural ecosystems of yet unsurveyed regions in Africa, Asia, Central and South America are needed to unveil the full diversity of the clade and the factors driving diversity, speciation and adaptation in Phytophthora. Taxonomic novelties: New species:Phytophthora amamensis T. Jung, K. Kageyama, H. Masuya & S. Uematsu, Phytophthora angustata T. Jung, L. Garcia, B. Mendieta-Araica, & Y. Balci, Phytophthora balkanensis I. Milenković, Ž. Tomić, T. Jung & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora borneensis T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora calidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora catenulata T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, N.M. Chi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora celeris T. Jung, L. Oliveira, M. Tarigan & I. Milenković, Phytophthora curvata T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora distorta T. Jung, A. Durán, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora excentrica T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora falcata T. Jung, K. Kageyama, S. Uematsu & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora fansipanensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, T. Corcobado & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora frigidophila T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora furcata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora inclinata N.M. Chi, T. Jung, M. Horta Jung & I. Milenković, Phytophthora indonesiensis T. Jung, M. Tarigan, L. Oliveira & I. Milenković, Phytophthora japonensis T. Jung, A. Hieno, H. Masuya & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora limosa T. Corcobado, T. Majek, M. Ferreira & T. Jung, Phytophthora macroglobulosa H.-C. Zeng, H.-H. Ho, F.-C. Zheng & T. Jung, Phytophthora montana T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multipapillata T. Jung, M. Tarigan, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora multiplex T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora nimia T. Jung, H. Masuya, A. Hieno & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora oblonga T. Jung, S. Uematsu, K. Kageyama & C.M. Brasier, Phytophthora obovoidea T. Jung, Y. Balci, L. Garcia & B. Mendieta-Araica, Phytophthora obturata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora penetrans T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora platani T. Jung, A. Pérez-Sierra, S.O. Cacciola & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora proliferata T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocapensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudocitrophthora T. Jung, S.O. Cacciola, J. Bakonyi & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudofrigida T. Jung, A. Durán, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pseudoccultans T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora pyriformis T. Jung, Y. Balci, K.D. Boders & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora sumatera T. Jung, M. Tarigan, M. Junaid & A. Durán, Phytophthora transposita T. Jung, K. Kageyama, C.M. Brasier & H. Masuya, Phytophthora vacuola T. Jung, H. Masuya, K. Kageyama & J.F. Webber, Phytophthora valdiviana T. Jung, E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser, A. Durán & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora variepedicellata T. Jung, Y. Balci, K. Broders & I. Milenković, Phytophthora vietnamensis T. Jung, N.M. Chi, I. Milenković & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×australasiatica T. Jung, N.M. Chi, M. Tarigan & M. Horta Jung, Phytophthora ×lusitanica T. Jung, M. Horta Jung, C. Maia & I. Milenković, Phytophthora ×taiwanensis T. Jung, T.-T. Chang, H.-S. Fu & M. Horta Jung. Citation: Jung T, Milenković I, Balci Y, Janoušek J, Kudláček T, Nagy ZÁ, Baharuddin B, Bakonyi J, Broders KD, Cacciola SO, Chang T-T, Chi NM, Corcobado T, Cravador A, Đorđević B, Durán A, Ferreira M, Fu C-H, Garcia L, Hieno A, Ho H-H, Hong C, Junaid M, Kageyama K, Kuswinanti T, Maia C, Májek T, Masuya H, Magnano di San Lio G, Mendieta-Araica B, Nasri N, Oliveira LSS, Pane A, Pérez-Sierra A, Rosmana A, Sanfuentes von Stowasser E, Scanu B, Singh R, Stanivuković Z, Tarigan M, Thu PQ, Tomić Z, Tomšovský M, Uematsu S, Webber JF, Zeng H-C, Zheng F-C, Brasier CM, Horta Jung M (2024). Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity. Studies in Mycology107: 251-388. doi: 10.3114/sim.2024.107.04.
期刊介绍：
The international journal Studies in Mycology focuses on advancing the understanding of filamentous fungi, yeasts, and various aspects of mycology. It publishes comprehensive systematic monographs as well as topical issues covering a wide range of subjects including biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology, and systematics. This Open-Access journal offers unrestricted access to its content.
Each issue of Studies in Mycology consists of around 5 to 6 papers, either in the form of monographs or special focused topics. Unlike traditional length restrictions, the journal encourages submissions of manuscripts with a minimum of 50 A4 pages in print. This ensures a thorough exploration and presentation of the research findings, maximizing the depth of the published work.
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