The development of iron-based catalysts for the reduction of nitrogen and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater treatment: a review

This review meticulously explores the innovative application of iron-based catalysts in addressing the pressing environmental challenge of removing nitrogen and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from wastewater. Traditional wastewater treatment methods fall short of efficiently eliminating these pervasive pollutants, necessitating the development of more effective, sustainable, and economically viable alternatives. Iron-based catalysts, characterized by their exceptional catalytic reduction capabilities, offer a promising solution. Through various forms, including zero-valent iron, iron oxides, and bimetallic combinations, these catalysts demonstrate a unique ability to break down nitrogen oxides and PFAS into less harmful substances. The review underscores the catalysts’ advantages in terms of reactivity, cost-efficiency, and environmental impact, highlighting their potential to transform wastewater treatment practices. However, it also acknowledges existing challenges, such as catalyst stability and the need for further optimization, to facilitate widespread application. This work advocates for intensified research efforts to refine these catalytic systems, aiming to integrate them seamlessly into future wastewater treatment infrastructures, thereby contributing to the preservation of water quality and public health.