Trends in California Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Sex–Race/Ethnicity Disparity and Income Inequality

Objective

To examine the cardiovascular disease (CVD)–related death trends and the relationship between CVD deaths and sex, race/ethnicity, and income in California from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2021.

Methods

The age-adjusted death rate (AADR) per 100,000 population attributable to ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertensive heart disease (HHD) and heart failure (HF), stroke, and CVD combined were calculated using CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) for California, 1999 to 2021. We used a joinpoint log-linear regression model to determine trends in CVD death. Income disparities were assessed using the slope index of inequality and health concentration index.

Results

Between 1999 and 2021, overall death rates for CVD decreased significantly (average annual percent change, −2.2% [95% confidence interval: -2.6%, -1.7%]), IHD (−3.7% [-4.3%, -3.1%]), and stroke (−2.0% [-2.8%, -1.2%]) and increased for HHD (2.0% [0.6%, 3.5%]) and HF (2.0% [1.3%, 2.7%]). The AADR of combined CVD first decreased significantly (1999-2014; all P<.001), then increased significantly after COVID-19 (P=.02). The AADR of IHD decreased significantly (1999-2019; all P<.001) and then increased after the COVID-19 pandemic but was not statistically significant (P=.15). The AADR of HHD (2014-2021) and HF (2013-2021) increased significantly (all P<.001), and this increase accelerated after COVID-19. The AADR of stroke decreased (1999-2009), then increased after COVID-19 but was not statistically significant (P=.07). Our results revealed significant disparities with CVD death being disproportionately higher among male, non-Hispanic Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, Asian, and poorer populations.

Conclusion

All the death rates that were decreasing, stagnant, or increasing prior to the COVID-19 pandemic increased after the pandemic. We found increasingly adverse outcomes among the poor and racial/ethnic minority populations.