MUSE-XAE: MUtational Signature Extraction with eXplainable AutoEncoder enhances tumour types classification.

MOTIVATION Mutational signatures are a critical component in deciphering the genetic alterations that underlie cancer development and have become a valuable resource to understand the genomic changes during tumorigenesis. Therefore, it is essential to employ precise and accurate methods for their extraction to ensure that the underlying patterns are reliably identified and can be effectively utilized in new strategies for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cancer patients. RESULTS We present MUSE-XAE, a novel method for mutational signature extraction from cancer genomes using an explainable autoencoder. Our approach employs a hybrid architecture consisting of a nonlinear encoder that can capture nonlinear interactions among features, and a linear decoder which ensures the interpretability of the active signatures. We evaluated and compared MUSE-XAE with other available tools on both synthetic and real cancer datasets and demonstrated that it achieves superior performance in terms of precision and sensitivity in recovering mutational signature profiles. MUSE-XAE extracts highly discriminative mutational signature profiles by enhancing the classification of primary tumour types and subtypes in real world settings. This approach could facilitate further research in this area, with neural networks playing a critical role in advancing our understanding of cancer genomics. AVAILABILITY MUSE-XAE software is freely available at https://github.com/compbiomed-unito/MUSE-XAE. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.