Autonomous diode laser weeding mobile robot in cotton field using deep learning, visual servoing and finite state machine

Small autonomous robotic platforms can be utilized in agricultural environments to target weeds in their early stages of growth and eliminate them. Autonomous solutions reduce the need for labor, cut costs, and enhance productivity. To eliminate the need for chemicals in weeding, and other solutions that can interfere with the crop’s growth, lasers have emerged as a viable alternative. Lasers can precisely target weed stems, effectively eliminating or stunting their growth. In this study an autonomous robot that employs a diode laser for weed elimination was developed and its performance in removing weeds in a cotton field was evaluated. The robot utilized a combination of visual servoing for motion control, the Robotic operating system (ROS) finite state machine implementation (SMACH) to manage its states, actions, and transitions. Furthermore, the robot utilized deep learning for weed detection, as well as navigation when combined with GPS and dynamic window approach path planning algorithm. Employing its 2D cartesian arm, the robot positioned the laser diode attached to a rotating pan-and-tilt mechanism for precise weed targeting. In a cotton field, without weed tracking, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 47% in a single pass, with a 9.5 second cycle time per weed treatment when the laser diode was positioned parallel to the ground. When the diode was placed at a 10°downward angle from the horizontal axis, the robot achieved a 63% overall elimination rate on a single pass with 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With the implementation of weed tracking using DeepSORT tracking algorithm, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 72.35% at 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With a strong potential for generalizing to other crops, these results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of autonomous weed elimination using low-cost diode lasers and small robotic platforms.