Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1386656
Daniel Ponce de Leon, Milagros Garcia Rubido, Ramon Rivera, Daniel Mancero-Castillo, Yoansy Garcia
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has long been vital to Cuban agriculture, with its products renowned for their quality. Cuban tobacco is grown in soils with a long history of continuous farming using traditional fertilization methods characterized by recommended doses of mineral fertilizers. This study aims to improve the nutrition resource strategy in tobacco cultivation to ensure high yields of superior-grade tobacco leaves with adequate quality and increase fertilization efficiency. With this goal, a field experiment evaluated the traditional method of fallow with alternatives of nutrient supply systems for the production of black tobacco in Ultic Paleustalf soils. The experiment utilized Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4) as a preceding green manure, combined with successive mineral fertilizations for tobacco during four growing seasons in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation, significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively. A biplot analysis established a strong relationship between the biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia and the growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco. The results indicate that inoculated Canavalia enhances mycorrhizal performance in successional tobacco, with Can+AMF significantly increasing mycorrhization of tobacco roots by (110.06%). Moreover, the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility. In this nutrition supply system, variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents. Consequently, we conclude that Canavalia ensiformis, with an inoculum based on the Glomus cubense strain and 75% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, provides an enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco production.
{"title":"Benefits of Canavalia ensiformis, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and mineral fertilizer management in tobacco production","authors":"Daniel Ponce de Leon, Milagros Garcia Rubido, Ramon Rivera, Daniel Mancero-Castillo, Yoansy Garcia","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1386656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1386656","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has long been vital to Cuban agriculture, with its products renowned for their quality. Cuban tobacco is grown in soils with a long history of continuous farming using traditional fertilization methods characterized by recommended doses of mineral fertilizers. This study aims to improve the nutrition resource strategy in tobacco cultivation to ensure high yields of superior-grade tobacco leaves with adequate quality and increase fertilization efficiency. With this goal, a field experiment evaluated the traditional method of fallow with alternatives of nutrient supply systems for the production of black tobacco in Ultic Paleustalf soils. The experiment utilized Canavalia ensiformis (Can) treated with a mycorrhizal inoculum (AMF) based on the Glomus cubense strain (INCAM-4) as a preceding green manure, combined with successive mineral fertilizations for tobacco during four growing seasons in a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. Canavalia presented a positive response to mycorrhizal inoculation, significantly increasing dry biomass production (87.34%, 129.96%), mycorrhizal colonization (26.90%, 103.66%), and spore production (26.79%, 52.52%) for Can and Can+AMF treatments respectively. A biplot analysis established a strong relationship between the biomass and mycorrhizal performance of Canavalia and the growth, yield, and mycorrhizal colonization of tobacco. The results indicate that inoculated Canavalia enhances mycorrhizal performance in successional tobacco, with Can+AMF significantly increasing mycorrhization of tobacco roots by (110.06%). Moreover, the combination of Can inoculate with AMF and 75% of the recommended mineral fertilization dose consistently produced the highest tobacco yields (42.06%), growth, and mycorrhizal activity across the four years while maintaining satisfactory combustibility. In this nutrition supply system, variations of the recommended fertilizer dose significantly decreased the percentage of mycorrhizal colonization. After four growing seasons using Can + AMF and Canavalia without inoculations, soil organic matter, and availability of exchangeable calcium, magnesium, and pH increased slightly without decreasing available phosphorus and potassium contents. Consequently, we conclude that Canavalia ensiformis, with an inoculum based on the Glomus cubense strain and 75% of the recommended dose of mineral fertilizers, provides an enhanced nutrition alternative system for black tobacco production.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-10DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1407422
Janin Lepke, Johannes Herrmann, Nicolas Remy, Roland Beffa, Otto Richter
Herbicide resistance has become a major issue in recent decades. Because diagnostics is still expensive, prediction models are helping to assess risks of resistance evolution. In this paper the influence of weed management on the evolution of resistance of the grass Alopecurus myosuroides Huds to ALS-inhibitors is investigated based on field history data from two regions, Hohenlohe in Germany and Champagne in France respectively. Champagne data also comprise information on Lolium spp. Using a random forest method variable importance and performance measures were obtained for a large number of single analyses allowing for a statistical analysis of the four performance measures, type I error, type II error, AUC and accuracy. It could be shown that acceptable predictions can be obtained for training data from Hohenlohe applied to Champagne and vice versa. It turned out that in nearly all analyses false negative classifications are more frequent than false positive classifications. Based on a combined training set of A.myosuroides samples from Hohenlohe and Champagne resistance status of Lolium spp. from the Champagne dataset can be predicted with a good accuracy. This suggest that resistance evolution to ALS-inhibitors of the two grasses are closely related. This work is a first step to set a simple herbicide resistance prediction tool to the users based on field history weed management data.
近几十年来，除草剂抗药性已成为一个重大问题。由于诊断费用仍然昂贵，预测模型有助于评估抗药性演变的风险。本文基于德国霍恩洛赫（Hohenlohe）和法国香槟（Champagne）两个地区的田间历史数据，研究了杂草管理对禾本科植物Alopecurus myosuroides Huds对ALS抑制剂抗性演变的影响。使用随机森林方法，对大量的单一分析进行了变量重要性和性能测量，从而对 I 型误差、II 型误差、AUC 和准确性这四项性能指标进行了统计分析。结果表明，将霍恩洛厄的训练数据应用于香槟地区可以获得可接受的预测结果，反之亦然。结果表明，在几乎所有分析中，假阴性分类比假阳性分类更常见。根据来自霍恩洛厄和香槟的 A.myosuroides 样本的综合训练集，可以很准确地预测来自香槟数据集的 Lolium 植物的抗性状况。这表明这两种禾本科植物对 ALS 抑制剂的抗性进化密切相关。这项工作是基于田间杂草管理数据为用户提供简单除草剂抗性预测工具的第一步。
{"title":"Weed resistance prediction: a random forest analysis based on field histories","authors":"Janin Lepke, Johannes Herrmann, Nicolas Remy, Roland Beffa, Otto Richter","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1407422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1407422","url":null,"abstract":"Herbicide resistance has become a major issue in recent decades. Because diagnostics is still expensive, prediction models are helping to assess risks of resistance evolution. In this paper the influence of weed management on the evolution of resistance of the grass Alopecurus myosuroides Huds to ALS-inhibitors is investigated based on field history data from two regions, Hohenlohe in Germany and Champagne in France respectively. Champagne data also comprise information on Lolium spp. Using a random forest method variable importance and performance measures were obtained for a large number of single analyses allowing for a statistical analysis of the four performance measures, type I error, type II error, AUC and accuracy. It could be shown that acceptable predictions can be obtained for training data from Hohenlohe applied to Champagne and vice versa. It turned out that in nearly all analyses false negative classifications are more frequent than false positive classifications. Based on a combined training set of A.myosuroides samples from Hohenlohe and Champagne resistance status of Lolium spp. from the Champagne dataset can be predicted with a good accuracy. This suggest that resistance evolution to ALS-inhibitors of the two grasses are closely related. This work is a first step to set a simple herbicide resistance prediction tool to the users based on field history weed management data.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1425461
Elena Bischak, T. Ghezzehei, Rebecca A Ryals
Growing interest in human-excreta derived fertilizers requires more information on their agronomic relevance. In this study, we measured the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization from fresh urine, stored urine, urine-enriched biochar prepared with either fresh or stored urine, and feces-derived compost application in a 90-day aerobic loam soil incubation. Soils were extracted for available N at days 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90, while soils were extracted for four biologically relevant P pools at days 0, 30, 60, and 90. We found that N in urine applied alone was immediately bioavailable, supplying nearly all the 200 kg-N ha-1 applied, while urine-enriched biochar supplied approximately half of the N applied. Feces-derived compost application led to a slow release of mineral N. Feces-derived compost application stimulated substantial native soil P mining, while urine-P was likely rapidly immobilized. These results are relevant to container-based sanitation and other source-separated sanitation endeavors, and researchers and producers interested in human excreta-derived fertilizers. Future research should explore, among other things, different urine-enriched biochar preparations and the co-application of urine-based fertilizers and feces-derived compost.
{"title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization dynamics in human excreta-derived fertilizers","authors":"Elena Bischak, T. Ghezzehei, Rebecca A Ryals","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1425461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1425461","url":null,"abstract":"Growing interest in human-excreta derived fertilizers requires more information on their agronomic relevance. In this study, we measured the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization from fresh urine, stored urine, urine-enriched biochar prepared with either fresh or stored urine, and feces-derived compost application in a 90-day aerobic loam soil incubation. Soils were extracted for available N at days 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90, while soils were extracted for four biologically relevant P pools at days 0, 30, 60, and 90. We found that N in urine applied alone was immediately bioavailable, supplying nearly all the 200 kg-N ha-1 applied, while urine-enriched biochar supplied approximately half of the N applied. Feces-derived compost application led to a slow release of mineral N. Feces-derived compost application stimulated substantial native soil P mining, while urine-P was likely rapidly immobilized. These results are relevant to container-based sanitation and other source-separated sanitation endeavors, and researchers and producers interested in human excreta-derived fertilizers. Future research should explore, among other things, different urine-enriched biochar preparations and the co-application of urine-based fertilizers and feces-derived compost.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1428630
F. Akinseye, Inoussa Zagre, Aliou Faye, J. Joseph, O. N. Worou, A. Whitbread
Understanding and identifying appropriate adaptation optons for cropping systems and management practices at spatial and temporal scales is an important prerequisite for scaling. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) could be regarded as a risk-reducing measure crop under climate change when coupled with tactical agronomic management practices. In this study, we assess the impacts of adaptation strategies such as cultivar type, planting windows, and fertilizer strategies on pearl millet production under rainfed farming systems over Nigeria and Senegal using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model. The impact of climate change on millet yield was evaluated using a validated APSIM-millet module that utilized yield data collected through participatory research and extension approach (PREA) in contrasting environments. The climate model projections for the mid-century period (2040–2069) were compared against a baseline period of 1980–2009 for both locations. During the simulation, two millet varieties (improved local and dual-purpose) with two sowing regimes were considered comparing traditional farmers’ sowing window (dry sowing) and agronomic sowing window (planting based on the onset of the rainfall) at three different fertilizer levels [low (23 kg N ha−1), medium (40.5 kg N ha−1), and high (68.5 kg N ha−1) respectively]. The performance of the APSIM-millet module was found to be satisfactory as indicated by the low Root Means Square Error (RMSE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) values. The range for grain yield was between 17.7% and 25.8%, while for AGB it was between 18.6% and 21.4%. The results showed that farmers’ sowing window simulated slightly higher grain yield than the agronomic sowing window for improved local millet cultivar indicating yield increased by 8–12%. However, the projected changes in the mid-century (2040–2069) resulted in a decline in yield against baseline climate for both varieties and sowing windows, indicating the negative impact of climate change (CC) on yield productivity. The comparison between dual-purpose millet and improved local millet indicates that disseminating the improved millet variety and implementing early sowing could be an effective adaptation strategy in reducing risks and losses caused by climate change. Similarly, low magnitude impacts simulated on grain yield (< −8% in Nigeria compared to > −8% in Senegal) even though both locations are in the same agroecological zone.
{"title":"Exploring adaptation strategies for smallholder farmers in dryland farming systems and impact on pearl millet production under climate change in West Africa","authors":"F. Akinseye, Inoussa Zagre, Aliou Faye, J. Joseph, O. N. Worou, A. Whitbread","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1428630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1428630","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding and identifying appropriate adaptation optons for cropping systems and management practices at spatial and temporal scales is an important prerequisite for scaling. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R. Br.) could be regarded as a risk-reducing measure crop under climate change when coupled with tactical agronomic management practices. In this study, we assess the impacts of adaptation strategies such as cultivar type, planting windows, and fertilizer strategies on pearl millet production under rainfed farming systems over Nigeria and Senegal using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) model. The impact of climate change on millet yield was evaluated using a validated APSIM-millet module that utilized yield data collected through participatory research and extension approach (PREA) in contrasting environments. The climate model projections for the mid-century period (2040–2069) were compared against a baseline period of 1980–2009 for both locations. During the simulation, two millet varieties (improved local and dual-purpose) with two sowing regimes were considered comparing traditional farmers’ sowing window (dry sowing) and agronomic sowing window (planting based on the onset of the rainfall) at three different fertilizer levels [low (23 kg N ha−1), medium (40.5 kg N ha−1), and high (68.5 kg N ha−1) respectively]. The performance of the APSIM-millet module was found to be satisfactory as indicated by the low Root Means Square Error (RMSE) and Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) values. The range for grain yield was between 17.7% and 25.8%, while for AGB it was between 18.6% and 21.4%. The results showed that farmers’ sowing window simulated slightly higher grain yield than the agronomic sowing window for improved local millet cultivar indicating yield increased by 8–12%. However, the projected changes in the mid-century (2040–2069) resulted in a decline in yield against baseline climate for both varieties and sowing windows, indicating the negative impact of climate change (CC) on yield productivity. The comparison between dual-purpose millet and improved local millet indicates that disseminating the improved millet variety and implementing early sowing could be an effective adaptation strategy in reducing risks and losses caused by climate change. Similarly, low magnitude impacts simulated on grain yield (< −8% in Nigeria compared to > −8% in Senegal) even though both locations are in the same agroecological zone.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141669586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1342138
Thabo Patrick Magandana, A. Hassen, E. Tesfamariam
The ecosystems across the world are affected by diverse impacts of climate change. Climate change will also affect soil seed bank as the seed bank is determined by the plants that are above the ground. This study was conducted to determine whether rainfall interception and resting period will affect the soil seed bank or not. Rainfall interception was employed as main plot treatment at four different levels—namely, 15%, 30%, 60%, and 0%—and the main plot treatments were each replicated five times using the rainout shelters arranged as main plot treatments in a split-plot experimental design. The main plots are 49 m2 (7 m × 7 m) in size and were covered by metal frame structures with V-shaped clear acrylic bands on top without ultraviolet filter, and these plots were sub-divided into two sub-plots to determine the effect of resting periods (70 and 90 days). The soil samples were 8 cm in diameter and 20 cm in depth (1,005 cm3). We used seed emergence method rather than seed separation method to determine the soil seed bank due to the very small size of some seeds for some species. The 60% rainfall interception resulted in significantly high forb densities at both resting periods. The forb densities decreased by 32 and 35% at 15% and 30%, while they increased by 195% at 60% rainfall interception compared to 0% rainfall interception at 70-day resting period. Resting period significantly affected grass densities at 60% rainfall as the densities were higher at 70- than 90-day resting period. At 90-day resting period, grass densities were significantly higher at 0% rainfall interception than the rest of the treatments, while the grass densities were significantly lower at 60% rainfall interception. The 60% rainfall interception resulted in significantly (p< 0.05) higher total densities (forbs and grass) in both resting periods. Total density increased by 2.9% and 143.48% at 15% and 60% rainfall interception, respectively. Our results show that drought has a negative effect on grass soil seed bank, while it improves the forbs soil seed bank. Furthermore, the resting period has no significant effects on soil seed bank in grasslands.
{"title":"Effect of rainfall interception and resting period on the soil seed bank","authors":"Thabo Patrick Magandana, A. Hassen, E. Tesfamariam","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1342138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1342138","url":null,"abstract":"The ecosystems across the world are affected by diverse impacts of climate change. Climate change will also affect soil seed bank as the seed bank is determined by the plants that are above the ground. This study was conducted to determine whether rainfall interception and resting period will affect the soil seed bank or not. Rainfall interception was employed as main plot treatment at four different levels—namely, 15%, 30%, 60%, and 0%—and the main plot treatments were each replicated five times using the rainout shelters arranged as main plot treatments in a split-plot experimental design. The main plots are 49 m2 (7 m × 7 m) in size and were covered by metal frame structures with V-shaped clear acrylic bands on top without ultraviolet filter, and these plots were sub-divided into two sub-plots to determine the effect of resting periods (70 and 90 days). The soil samples were 8 cm in diameter and 20 cm in depth (1,005 cm3). We used seed emergence method rather than seed separation method to determine the soil seed bank due to the very small size of some seeds for some species. The 60% rainfall interception resulted in significantly high forb densities at both resting periods. The forb densities decreased by 32 and 35% at 15% and 30%, while they increased by 195% at 60% rainfall interception compared to 0% rainfall interception at 70-day resting period. Resting period significantly affected grass densities at 60% rainfall as the densities were higher at 70- than 90-day resting period. At 90-day resting period, grass densities were significantly higher at 0% rainfall interception than the rest of the treatments, while the grass densities were significantly lower at 60% rainfall interception. The 60% rainfall interception resulted in significantly (p< 0.05) higher total densities (forbs and grass) in both resting periods. Total density increased by 2.9% and 143.48% at 15% and 60% rainfall interception, respectively. Our results show that drought has a negative effect on grass soil seed bank, while it improves the forbs soil seed bank. Furthermore, the resting period has no significant effects on soil seed bank in grasslands.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141684086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1397474
Md Amirul Islam, Shyam Pariyar, T. Krupnik, Mathias Becker
Climate change affects changes in rice-based systems of coastal Bangladesh. Both external pressures and system-immanent attributes influence farmers’ adoption of new production practices, leading to the emergence of new land use patterns. Field and household surveys quantified recent and emerging change trends in crop yields and associated intensification-related practices in representative rice-based systems, using a diachronic approach (comparing the years 2011 and 2021). We analyzed 240 rice-producing farms, representing three rice-based cropping systems, namely extensive rice-fallow rotations, intensified irrigated rice double rotations, and diversified rice-mungbean rotations. The study sites contrasted favorable biophysical conditions (climate, soil type, water source and quality, soil fertility) in the Barishal district, and marginal (unfavorable biophysical environments) conditions at Patuakhali district in coastal Bangladesh. Soil fertility attributes were assessed at both study sites. The type, the extent, and the pathways of recent changes differed between locations, systems and seasons. We observed significant increases in aggregated yield (across crops and seasons), in individual crop yields, and in economic yields at both the marginal and the favorable sites. Crop yields varied widely (rice: 3.0–7.8 t ha–1, mungbean: 0.4–1.5 t ha–1), and rice yield was higher in dry than in the wet season. Farmers’ adoption of intensification practices started earlier in the marginal study area, but the extent of the changes was larger at favorable sites. Most prominent was the mechanization of tillage operations and an increased use of mineral fertilizers, with the largest changes observed in irrigated rice and in dry season mungbean. Such site-, system-, and season-specific assessments will permit identifying drivers of change and can inform the assessment of potential future patterns of land system changes.
{"title":"Changing trends in crop management practices and performance attributes of rice-based systems of coastal Bangladesh","authors":"Md Amirul Islam, Shyam Pariyar, T. Krupnik, Mathias Becker","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1397474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1397474","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change affects changes in rice-based systems of coastal Bangladesh. Both external pressures and system-immanent attributes influence farmers’ adoption of new production practices, leading to the emergence of new land use patterns. Field and household surveys quantified recent and emerging change trends in crop yields and associated intensification-related practices in representative rice-based systems, using a diachronic approach (comparing the years 2011 and 2021). We analyzed 240 rice-producing farms, representing three rice-based cropping systems, namely extensive rice-fallow rotations, intensified irrigated rice double rotations, and diversified rice-mungbean rotations. The study sites contrasted favorable biophysical conditions (climate, soil type, water source and quality, soil fertility) in the Barishal district, and marginal (unfavorable biophysical environments) conditions at Patuakhali district in coastal Bangladesh. Soil fertility attributes were assessed at both study sites. The type, the extent, and the pathways of recent changes differed between locations, systems and seasons. We observed significant increases in aggregated yield (across crops and seasons), in individual crop yields, and in economic yields at both the marginal and the favorable sites. Crop yields varied widely (rice: 3.0–7.8 t ha–1, mungbean: 0.4–1.5 t ha–1), and rice yield was higher in dry than in the wet season. Farmers’ adoption of intensification practices started earlier in the marginal study area, but the extent of the changes was larger at favorable sites. Most prominent was the mechanization of tillage operations and an increased use of mineral fertilizers, with the largest changes observed in irrigated rice and in dry season mungbean. Such site-, system-, and season-specific assessments will permit identifying drivers of change and can inform the assessment of potential future patterns of land system changes.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141344384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1420311
William S. Gibson, Amy S. Ziobron, Noah E. Olson, Deborah A. Neher, Charles F. Smith, Victoria I. Holden
There is a need to rebuild soil health by implementing regenerative agricultural practices across cropping systems dependent on agrochemicals, such as in United States corn production. One increasingly utilized regenerative practice is the application of biostimulants, or microbial inoculants that can rebuild soil health and productivity. In this study, we describe results from a multi-year corn trial conducted to quantify the impact of Re-Gen, a biostimulant invented to recycle plant biomass and increase nutrient bioavailability in the soil.Re-Gen was applied across four fields (VA01, BH01, VA04, and LA05) at a dairy cattle farm in Ferrisburgh, VT.Over the two consecutive years (2022-2023) of the trial, Re-Gen application on corn stover and cover crop residues increased ear corn yield by 24% and corn silage yield by 12.5-30%, depending on the field. Analysis of soil nutrients and plant tissues showed increased nutrients, particularly in field LA-05. Multi-year Re-Gen application increased yield and generated additional economic value, indicating that the effects of Re-Gen do not diminish with multiple applications. The increased corn silage yield correlated to increased potential milk yield from cows fed silage grown in Re-Gen-treated fields. Further investigation into the mechanism suggests that increased phosphatase production Re-Gen could contribute to increased phosphorus bioavailability in the soil and uptake in the tissue, potentially increasing yields.These results highlight the potential for Re-Gen to foster regenerative agriculture processes on cropland and livestock farms while also increasing corn and milk yield and, therefore, revenue for corn farmers in the United States and for similar cropping systems worldwide.
{"title":"On-farm corn stover and cover crop residue recycling with biostimulant Re-Gen increases corn yields and resultant milk yields in multi-year dairy cattle farm trials","authors":"William S. Gibson, Amy S. Ziobron, Noah E. Olson, Deborah A. Neher, Charles F. Smith, Victoria I. Holden","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1420311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1420311","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need to rebuild soil health by implementing regenerative agricultural practices across cropping systems dependent on agrochemicals, such as in United States corn production. One increasingly utilized regenerative practice is the application of biostimulants, or microbial inoculants that can rebuild soil health and productivity. In this study, we describe results from a multi-year corn trial conducted to quantify the impact of Re-Gen, a biostimulant invented to recycle plant biomass and increase nutrient bioavailability in the soil.Re-Gen was applied across four fields (VA01, BH01, VA04, and LA05) at a dairy cattle farm in Ferrisburgh, VT.Over the two consecutive years (2022-2023) of the trial, Re-Gen application on corn stover and cover crop residues increased ear corn yield by 24% and corn silage yield by 12.5-30%, depending on the field. Analysis of soil nutrients and plant tissues showed increased nutrients, particularly in field LA-05. Multi-year Re-Gen application increased yield and generated additional economic value, indicating that the effects of Re-Gen do not diminish with multiple applications. The increased corn silage yield correlated to increased potential milk yield from cows fed silage grown in Re-Gen-treated fields. Further investigation into the mechanism suggests that increased phosphatase production Re-Gen could contribute to increased phosphorus bioavailability in the soil and uptake in the tissue, potentially increasing yields.These results highlight the potential for Re-Gen to foster regenerative agriculture processes on cropland and livestock farms while also increasing corn and milk yield and, therefore, revenue for corn farmers in the United States and for similar cropping systems worldwide.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141345098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1388823
Kaya Mrubata, A. Nciizah, P. Muchaonyerwa
Sorghum is emerging as a viable crop option to increase food production under changing climate due to its resilience to drought and marginal soils. Appropriate planting date, crop cultivars, type of tillage and rotations, under contrasting climatic conditions, could make significant contribution on the effective management of sorghum under changing climatic conditions. A short-term study was carried out to investigate the effects of planting date, crop cultivar, tillage type and rotations on the growth and primary nutrient uptake of sorghum in contrasting climatic regions.The study was conducted in Free State - (FS) and KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Provinces of South Africa over two seasons (2020/21 and 2021/22). The two cultivars (Pan8816 and Macia) were sown in December (PD1) and in January (PD2) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) and with two rotations (Sorghum-Cowpea-Sorghum and Sorghum-Sorghum-Sorghum) resulting in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment.In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons, the effects of all the factors, except cultivar in the second season, were not significant on yield, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In the second season, Pan8816 (4.40 t/ha) produced 3.3 times higher yield than Macia (1.32 t/ha), and took up higher N, K and P. In FS, the early planted sorghum (1.15 t/ha for season one; 3.39 t/ha for season two) had significantly higher yield than late planted sorghum (0.434 and 0.91 t/ha for seasons one and two, respectively). Furthermore, the early-planted crops took up higher N, K and P than when planted late, while Pan8816 took up 1.74 times more P than Macia. Plants grown under CT (2.61 t/ha) produced significantly higher yield than under NT (1.70 t/ha), with plants under CT taking up significantly more K than those grown on NT. These findings suggest that in the drier FS, early planting under conventional tillage, while in the wetter KZN, selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816), are essential for sorghum grain yield, at least in the short-term.
{"title":"Planting date and tillage effects on yield and nutrient uptake of two sorghum cultivars grown in sub-humid and semi-arid regions in South Africa","authors":"Kaya Mrubata, A. Nciizah, P. Muchaonyerwa","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1388823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1388823","url":null,"abstract":"Sorghum is emerging as a viable crop option to increase food production under changing climate due to its resilience to drought and marginal soils. Appropriate planting date, crop cultivars, type of tillage and rotations, under contrasting climatic conditions, could make significant contribution on the effective management of sorghum under changing climatic conditions. A short-term study was carried out to investigate the effects of planting date, crop cultivar, tillage type and rotations on the growth and primary nutrient uptake of sorghum in contrasting climatic regions.The study was conducted in Free State - (FS) and KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Provinces of South Africa over two seasons (2020/21 and 2021/22). The two cultivars (Pan8816 and Macia) were sown in December (PD1) and in January (PD2) under conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) and with two rotations (Sorghum-Cowpea-Sorghum and Sorghum-Sorghum-Sorghum) resulting in 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment.In KZN, in both the first (2020/21) and second (2021/22) seasons, the effects of all the factors, except cultivar in the second season, were not significant on yield, and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). In the second season, Pan8816 (4.40 t/ha) produced 3.3 times higher yield than Macia (1.32 t/ha), and took up higher N, K and P. In FS, the early planted sorghum (1.15 t/ha for season one; 3.39 t/ha for season two) had significantly higher yield than late planted sorghum (0.434 and 0.91 t/ha for seasons one and two, respectively). Furthermore, the early-planted crops took up higher N, K and P than when planted late, while Pan8816 took up 1.74 times more P than Macia. Plants grown under CT (2.61 t/ha) produced significantly higher yield than under NT (1.70 t/ha), with plants under CT taking up significantly more K than those grown on NT. These findings suggest that in the drier FS, early planting under conventional tillage, while in the wetter KZN, selecting the appropriate cultivar (PAN8816), are essential for sorghum grain yield, at least in the short-term.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141386541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-05DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1393267
K. Ershadimanesh, Adel Siosemardeh, Farzad Hoseeinpanahi
The source–sink (S-S) ratio during the grain-filling period is crucial for wheat crop yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative sensitivity of grain yield in response to treatments of S-S ratio changes to determine the extent of S-S limitation during grain filling in modern wheat genotypes. The S-S manipulation treatments included four levels: check (CH), removal of flag leaf (RFL), removal of all leaves (RAL), and removal of the upper half of the spikes (RHS). The results showed significant differences between genotypes (pb< 0.001%) in all traits. Drought stress decreased grain weight per spike (GWS) (g) and grain yield (GY) (kg/ha) by 18% and 25%, respectively. The average reduction in GWS under irrigation and rainfed conditions was 8.25% and 6.71% for RFL and 12.25% and 11.15% for RAL, respectively. By RFL and RAL, increasing the remobilization from the stem and spike straw helped to reduce the effects of source limitation. Also, by RHS, the reduction in photosynthetic materials production in both conditions was only equivalent to 38% and 29% of the expected values, respectively, which shows the presence of strong sinks in vegetative organs (stem and spike) compared to grains. Vegetative organs seem to have a larger sink for the uptake of photosynthetic materials than grains when the source–sink ratio increases. However, high-yield genotypes showed more severe source limitation, while low-yield genotypes showed more relative sink limitation. Overall, to increase the yield potential in high-yielding genotypes, photosynthetic sources and sinks in low-yielding genotypes should be improved.
{"title":"Evaluation of source–sink manipulation through defoliation treatments in promising bread wheat lines under optimal irrigation and rainfed conditions","authors":"K. Ershadimanesh, Adel Siosemardeh, Farzad Hoseeinpanahi","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1393267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1393267","url":null,"abstract":"The source–sink (S-S) ratio during the grain-filling period is crucial for wheat crop yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative sensitivity of grain yield in response to treatments of S-S ratio changes to determine the extent of S-S limitation during grain filling in modern wheat genotypes. The S-S manipulation treatments included four levels: check (CH), removal of flag leaf (RFL), removal of all leaves (RAL), and removal of the upper half of the spikes (RHS). The results showed significant differences between genotypes (pb< 0.001%) in all traits. Drought stress decreased grain weight per spike (GWS) (g) and grain yield (GY) (kg/ha) by 18% and 25%, respectively. The average reduction in GWS under irrigation and rainfed conditions was 8.25% and 6.71% for RFL and 12.25% and 11.15% for RAL, respectively. By RFL and RAL, increasing the remobilization from the stem and spike straw helped to reduce the effects of source limitation. Also, by RHS, the reduction in photosynthetic materials production in both conditions was only equivalent to 38% and 29% of the expected values, respectively, which shows the presence of strong sinks in vegetative organs (stem and spike) compared to grains. Vegetative organs seem to have a larger sink for the uptake of photosynthetic materials than grains when the source–sink ratio increases. However, high-yield genotypes showed more severe source limitation, while low-yield genotypes showed more relative sink limitation. Overall, to increase the yield potential in high-yielding genotypes, photosynthetic sources and sinks in low-yielding genotypes should be improved.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141384309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-16DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2024.1388452
Canicius J. Mwitta, Glen C. Rains, Eric Prostko
Small autonomous robotic platforms can be utilized in agricultural environments to target weeds in their early stages of growth and eliminate them. Autonomous solutions reduce the need for labor, cut costs, and enhance productivity. To eliminate the need for chemicals in weeding, and other solutions that can interfere with the crop’s growth, lasers have emerged as a viable alternative. Lasers can precisely target weed stems, effectively eliminating or stunting their growth. In this study an autonomous robot that employs a diode laser for weed elimination was developed and its performance in removing weeds in a cotton field was evaluated. The robot utilized a combination of visual servoing for motion control, the Robotic operating system (ROS) finite state machine implementation (SMACH) to manage its states, actions, and transitions. Furthermore, the robot utilized deep learning for weed detection, as well as navigation when combined with GPS and dynamic window approach path planning algorithm. Employing its 2D cartesian arm, the robot positioned the laser diode attached to a rotating pan-and-tilt mechanism for precise weed targeting. In a cotton field, without weed tracking, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 47% in a single pass, with a 9.5 second cycle time per weed treatment when the laser diode was positioned parallel to the ground. When the diode was placed at a 10°downward angle from the horizontal axis, the robot achieved a 63% overall elimination rate on a single pass with 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With the implementation of weed tracking using DeepSORT tracking algorithm, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 72.35% at 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With a strong potential for generalizing to other crops, these results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of autonomous weed elimination using low-cost diode lasers and small robotic platforms.
{"title":"Autonomous diode laser weeding mobile robot in cotton field using deep learning, visual servoing and finite state machine","authors":"Canicius J. Mwitta, Glen C. Rains, Eric Prostko","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2024.1388452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1388452","url":null,"abstract":"Small autonomous robotic platforms can be utilized in agricultural environments to target weeds in their early stages of growth and eliminate them. Autonomous solutions reduce the need for labor, cut costs, and enhance productivity. To eliminate the need for chemicals in weeding, and other solutions that can interfere with the crop’s growth, lasers have emerged as a viable alternative. Lasers can precisely target weed stems, effectively eliminating or stunting their growth. In this study an autonomous robot that employs a diode laser for weed elimination was developed and its performance in removing weeds in a cotton field was evaluated. The robot utilized a combination of visual servoing for motion control, the Robotic operating system (ROS) finite state machine implementation (SMACH) to manage its states, actions, and transitions. Furthermore, the robot utilized deep learning for weed detection, as well as navigation when combined with GPS and dynamic window approach path planning algorithm. Employing its 2D cartesian arm, the robot positioned the laser diode attached to a rotating pan-and-tilt mechanism for precise weed targeting. In a cotton field, without weed tracking, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 47% in a single pass, with a 9.5 second cycle time per weed treatment when the laser diode was positioned parallel to the ground. When the diode was placed at a 10°downward angle from the horizontal axis, the robot achieved a 63% overall elimination rate on a single pass with 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With the implementation of weed tracking using DeepSORT tracking algorithm, the robot achieved an overall weed elimination rate of 72.35% at 8 seconds cycle time per weed treatment. With a strong potential for generalizing to other crops, these results provide strong evidence of the feasibility of autonomous weed elimination using low-cost diode lasers and small robotic platforms.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140971548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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