Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1274703
O. Fishkis, Joern Strassemeyer, Franz Pöllinger, Christel Anne Roß, Heinz-Josef Koch
The EU Farm to Fork strategy aims to reduce the use of pesticides and associated toxicological risks. However, the risks coming along with currently available alternatives to chemical weed control in sugar beet have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the toxicological risks to arthropods, aquatic and soil organisms caused by mechanical-chemical in comparison to conventional chemical weed control in sugar beet.The risk assessment was performed using SYNOPS-GIS, a process-based model calculating the environmental fate of pesticides and the exposure risk to arthropods, aquatic and soil organisms.Overall, broadcast spraying of conventional herbicides caused low to very low toxicological risks in most regions and years in Germany. Nevertheless, there were considerably higher risks to aquatic and soil organisms from conventional broadcast spraying in northern Germany than in other regions of Germany. With conventional herbicides, mechanical-chemical weed control reduced toxicological risks proportionally to the reduction in application amount. In contrast, band spraying of the new herbicide with the active ingredients foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone-methyl caused an aquatic risk as broadcast spraying with conventional herbicides, although the application rate was 120 times lower. This was due to high toxicity of both active ingredients of the new herbicide to water plants.Not only the application amount of herbicides but also environmental toxicity should be included in assessment approaches such as the EU “Harmonized Risk Indicator”.
{"title":"Toxicological risk assessment of mechanical-chemical vs. chemical weed control techniques in sugar beet in Germany using SYNOPS-GIS","authors":"O. Fishkis, Joern Strassemeyer, Franz Pöllinger, Christel Anne Roß, Heinz-Josef Koch","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1274703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1274703","url":null,"abstract":"The EU Farm to Fork strategy aims to reduce the use of pesticides and associated toxicological risks. However, the risks coming along with currently available alternatives to chemical weed control in sugar beet have not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the toxicological risks to arthropods, aquatic and soil organisms caused by mechanical-chemical in comparison to conventional chemical weed control in sugar beet.The risk assessment was performed using SYNOPS-GIS, a process-based model calculating the environmental fate of pesticides and the exposure risk to arthropods, aquatic and soil organisms.Overall, broadcast spraying of conventional herbicides caused low to very low toxicological risks in most regions and years in Germany. Nevertheless, there were considerably higher risks to aquatic and soil organisms from conventional broadcast spraying in northern Germany than in other regions of Germany. With conventional herbicides, mechanical-chemical weed control reduced toxicological risks proportionally to the reduction in application amount. In contrast, band spraying of the new herbicide with the active ingredients foramsulfuron and thiencarbazone-methyl caused an aquatic risk as broadcast spraying with conventional herbicides, although the application rate was 120 times lower. This was due to high toxicity of both active ingredients of the new herbicide to water plants.Not only the application amount of herbicides but also environmental toxicity should be included in assessment approaches such as the EU “Harmonized Risk Indicator”.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"55 18","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139447502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-03DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1300324
Xiangming Xu, R. Minja, E. Kizito, F. Dinssa, G. Deakin, Pamela Nahamya Kabod, Asheri Kalala, Eliciana Kweka, O. Mbwambo, Deusdedith Mbanzibwa, Hamza Msangi, Mildred Julian Nakanwagi, T. Passey, Stuart Sentance, G. Sseremba, E. Stavridou, Gerard J. Bishop
African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) is one of the most common traditional vegetables in Tanzania and Uganda, but its productivity is severely affected by wilt diseases caused by a number of pathogens. Plant stem and root samples were collected in several fields from many neighboring diseased and healthy plants of the Gilo group in Tanzania and from the Shum group in Uganda to identify putative pathogens causing wilt on African eggplants. Through amplicon sequencing of sampled diseased and healthy tissues, we identified putative causal pathogens for the wilt symptoms. Wilting of S. aethiopicum in Uganda is most likely caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum whereas, in Tanzania, wilt is most likely caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, infecting roots. Infection of stems by Fusarium solani may also contribute to the wilt symptoms in Tanzania. Further artificial inoculation under controlled conditions confirmed that M. phaseolina can cause typical wilting symptoms on S. aethiopcium genotypes. The discovery of different putative causal agents of wilt in the crop demonstrates the need for site specific etiological analysis of wilt before developing and implementing effective control methods. Further research is needed to confirm the results and develop appropriate management measures against specific wilt pathogens.
{"title":"Amplicon sequencing identified a putative pathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina, causing wilt in African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum) grown in Tanzania and Uganda","authors":"Xiangming Xu, R. Minja, E. Kizito, F. Dinssa, G. Deakin, Pamela Nahamya Kabod, Asheri Kalala, Eliciana Kweka, O. Mbwambo, Deusdedith Mbanzibwa, Hamza Msangi, Mildred Julian Nakanwagi, T. Passey, Stuart Sentance, G. Sseremba, E. Stavridou, Gerard J. Bishop","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1300324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1300324","url":null,"abstract":"African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.) is one of the most common traditional vegetables in Tanzania and Uganda, but its productivity is severely affected by wilt diseases caused by a number of pathogens. Plant stem and root samples were collected in several fields from many neighboring diseased and healthy plants of the Gilo group in Tanzania and from the Shum group in Uganda to identify putative pathogens causing wilt on African eggplants. Through amplicon sequencing of sampled diseased and healthy tissues, we identified putative causal pathogens for the wilt symptoms. Wilting of S. aethiopicum in Uganda is most likely caused by the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum whereas, in Tanzania, wilt is most likely caused by the fungal pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina, infecting roots. Infection of stems by Fusarium solani may also contribute to the wilt symptoms in Tanzania. Further artificial inoculation under controlled conditions confirmed that M. phaseolina can cause typical wilting symptoms on S. aethiopcium genotypes. The discovery of different putative causal agents of wilt in the crop demonstrates the need for site specific etiological analysis of wilt before developing and implementing effective control methods. Further research is needed to confirm the results and develop appropriate management measures against specific wilt pathogens.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"9 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139451177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-18DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1300553
Xiangming Xu, F. Dinssa, R. Minja, V. Mwaijande, O. Mbwambo, Zainab Mziray, E. Stavridou, Gerard J. Bishop
The African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L., Gilo group) is one of the most common traditional vegetables in Tanzania. The yield of the African eggplant in Tanzania is far lower than the potential yield expected, which is due primarily to biotic and abiotic stresses. We conducted experiments at two locations in Tanzania to study whether or not plant growth and the fruit yield of the Gilo group of African eggplant can be significantly improved through transplanting coupled with the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at sowing. Many plants, particularly for the directly sown treatment, died well before harvesting, and, in addition, many surviving plants showed symptoms of wilting. The transplanting of tray seedlings and using AMF inocula at sowing led to an overall significant increase in fruit yield by 30%–40% and 20%–25%, respectively. Increased fruit yield per experimental plot resulted primarily from a greater number of plants that survived and reached the harvesting stage. The exact effect of planting method (i.e., transplanting or direct sowing) and AMF inoculation, however, varied greatly with plant accessions. Further research is needed to understand the cause(s) for plant mortality in order to develop appropriate plant management practices.
{"title":"Effects of transplanting and AMF inoculation on the fruit yield of African eggplants (Solanum aethiopicum and Solanum anguivi) in Tanzania","authors":"Xiangming Xu, F. Dinssa, R. Minja, V. Mwaijande, O. Mbwambo, Zainab Mziray, E. Stavridou, Gerard J. Bishop","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1300553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1300553","url":null,"abstract":"The African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L., Gilo group) is one of the most common traditional vegetables in Tanzania. The yield of the African eggplant in Tanzania is far lower than the potential yield expected, which is due primarily to biotic and abiotic stresses. We conducted experiments at two locations in Tanzania to study whether or not plant growth and the fruit yield of the Gilo group of African eggplant can be significantly improved through transplanting coupled with the inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) at sowing. Many plants, particularly for the directly sown treatment, died well before harvesting, and, in addition, many surviving plants showed symptoms of wilting. The transplanting of tray seedlings and using AMF inocula at sowing led to an overall significant increase in fruit yield by 30%–40% and 20%–25%, respectively. Increased fruit yield per experimental plot resulted primarily from a greater number of plants that survived and reached the harvesting stage. The exact effect of planting method (i.e., transplanting or direct sowing) and AMF inoculation, however, varied greatly with plant accessions. Further research is needed to understand the cause(s) for plant mortality in order to develop appropriate plant management practices.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"125 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1304741
B. Tidemann, K. Harker, Steve Shirtliffe, Christian Willenborg, Eric Johnson, Robert Gulden, N. Lupwayi, T. Turkington, Emma C. Stephens, R. Blackshaw, Charles M. Geddes, Hiroshi Kubota, G. Semach, Alick Mulenga, Cindy Gampe, Larry Michielsen, Patty Reid, Elizabeth Sroka, Jennifer Zuidhof
Although herbicides have been a dominant and effective weed control strategy for decades in Western Canada, herbicide resistance and the lack of new modes of action have resulted in weed management challenges. Integrated weed management strategies have been shown to be successful in controlling certain weed species that are problematic in cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate integrated weed management strategies that have been successful on individual species to determine their applicability to a multiple weed species that may coexist in a field. In addition, harvest weed seed control was incorporated into these integrated weed management strategies to determine its impact in western Canadian cropping systems. A 5-year rotational study was conducted from 2016 to 2020 at Beaverlodge, Lacombe, and Lethbridge, AB; Scott and Saskatoon, SK; and Carman, MB, that incorporated integrated weed management strategies such as rotational crop diversity (including winter annuals and perennials), increased seeding rates, crop silaging, chaff collection, and with or without in-crop herbicides. This research confirmed success in managing some species of weeds such as wild oat when increased seeding rates, 2 years of early cut silage barley, and competitive winter cereals were incorporated into a cropping system, even when no in-crop herbicides were applied. However, some weed growth morphologies (e.g., twining weeds) or life cycles (e.g., facultative winter annuals) were not managed successfully with this combination of strategies. Chaff collection provided incremental weed control benefits but did not serve as a replacement for herbicidal weed control. Weed densities had an apparent impact on the success of these integrated weed management strategies, suggesting that the sooner they are adopted, the more likely they are to be successful at maintaining or reducing weed densities. This study not only showed the ability to reduce reliance on herbicides with strategies that can be effective in Western Canada but also highlighted the need for further understanding of different weed species and their responses to integrated weed management strategies, as well as the complexity of managing a weed community with integrated weed management.
尽管几十年来除草剂一直是加拿大西部地区主要且有效的杂草控制策略，但除草剂的抗药性和缺乏新的作用模式导致杂草管理面临挑战。综合杂草管理策略已被证明能成功控制某些在种植系统中造成问题的杂草种类。本研究的目的是调查在单个物种上取得成功的杂草综合管理策略，以确定这些策略是否适用于田间可能共存的多种杂草物种。此外，还将收割杂草种子控制纳入这些综合杂草管理策略，以确定其对加拿大西部耕作系统的影响。从 2016 年到 2020 年，在加拿大 AB 省的 Beaverlodge、Lacombe 和 Lethbridge；SK 省的 Scott 和 Saskatoon；以及 MB 省的 Carman 开展了一项为期 5 年的轮作研究，其中纳入了综合杂草管理策略，如轮作作物多样性（包括冬季一年生和多年生作物）、提高播种率、作物青贮、收集秕谷，以及使用或不使用作物内除草剂。这项研究证实，在增加播种率、种植两年早割青贮大麦和竞争性冬季谷物的种植系统中，即使不施用作物内除草剂，也能成功控制某些杂草种类，如野燕麦。然而，一些杂草的生长形态（如缠绕杂草）或生命周期（如面冬一年生杂草）并不能通过这种策略组合成功控制。收集谷糠可带来控制杂草的增量效益，但不能替代除草剂控制杂草。杂草密度对这些综合杂草管理策略的成功与否有着明显的影响，这表明越早采用这些策略，就越有可能成功保持或降低杂草密度。这项研究不仅显示了在加拿大西部采用有效策略减少对除草剂依赖的能力，还强调了进一步了解不同杂草种类及其对综合杂草管理策略反应的必要性，以及采用综合杂草管理策略管理杂草群落的复杂性。
{"title":"Using integrated weed management systems to manage herbicide-resistant weeds in the Canadian Prairies","authors":"B. Tidemann, K. Harker, Steve Shirtliffe, Christian Willenborg, Eric Johnson, Robert Gulden, N. Lupwayi, T. Turkington, Emma C. Stephens, R. Blackshaw, Charles M. Geddes, Hiroshi Kubota, G. Semach, Alick Mulenga, Cindy Gampe, Larry Michielsen, Patty Reid, Elizabeth Sroka, Jennifer Zuidhof","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1304741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1304741","url":null,"abstract":"Although herbicides have been a dominant and effective weed control strategy for decades in Western Canada, herbicide resistance and the lack of new modes of action have resulted in weed management challenges. Integrated weed management strategies have been shown to be successful in controlling certain weed species that are problematic in cropping systems. The objective of this study was to investigate integrated weed management strategies that have been successful on individual species to determine their applicability to a multiple weed species that may coexist in a field. In addition, harvest weed seed control was incorporated into these integrated weed management strategies to determine its impact in western Canadian cropping systems. A 5-year rotational study was conducted from 2016 to 2020 at Beaverlodge, Lacombe, and Lethbridge, AB; Scott and Saskatoon, SK; and Carman, MB, that incorporated integrated weed management strategies such as rotational crop diversity (including winter annuals and perennials), increased seeding rates, crop silaging, chaff collection, and with or without in-crop herbicides. This research confirmed success in managing some species of weeds such as wild oat when increased seeding rates, 2 years of early cut silage barley, and competitive winter cereals were incorporated into a cropping system, even when no in-crop herbicides were applied. However, some weed growth morphologies (e.g., twining weeds) or life cycles (e.g., facultative winter annuals) were not managed successfully with this combination of strategies. Chaff collection provided incremental weed control benefits but did not serve as a replacement for herbicidal weed control. Weed densities had an apparent impact on the success of these integrated weed management strategies, suggesting that the sooner they are adopted, the more likely they are to be successful at maintaining or reducing weed densities. This study not only showed the ability to reduce reliance on herbicides with strategies that can be effective in Western Canada but also highlighted the need for further understanding of different weed species and their responses to integrated weed management strategies, as well as the complexity of managing a weed community with integrated weed management.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"49 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138995922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1300545
Abdul A. Jalloh, A. Yusuf, F. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, D. Mutyambai
Plant-soil feedback can influence aboveground interactions between plants and herbivores by affecting plant chemistry. Such interactions can be utilized in pest management. However, cropping systems such as maize-legume intercropping (MLI) can influence these interactions which is not well understood. In this study, we explored effects of MLI systems on soil physico-chemical properties, maize growth, larval feeding and development of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). We used sterile soil and soil conditioned by different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems to explore these interactions. Soil samples that included soil conditioned by different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems were collected from smallholder farmer fields in eastern Kenya, where different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems were being practiced. These soil samples were compared with sterile soils for physico-chemical properties using black oxidation and Walkley methods. Three-weeks-old maize plants grown in the different soil treatments in the greenhouse were used for larval feeding and development assays. Neonate S. frugiperda larvae were allowed to feed on maize leaf discs for 24 hours and another set of plants were inoculated with the neonates for 15 days and the larval survival and development monitored. Soil obtained from different maize-edible legume intercropping systems had a higher pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, exchangeable acidity, copper, clay and silt compared to maize-monoculture and sterile soil. Maize plants grown in MLI soil had better growth parameters compared to those in maize-monoculture and sterile soils. A high correlation was found between pH and plant biomass, while no significant correlation with other physico-chemical properties was noted. There were significant differences in larval feeding by S. frugiperda neonates when exposed to constitutive and induced maize leaf discs with more leaf tissue fed on maize grown in maize-monoculture and sterile soil. When allowed to feed for 15 days, S. frugiperda larval weight and length were significantly lower on maize plants grown in soils conditioned by MLI than those grown in soil conditioned by maize-monoculture and sterile soils. Findings from this study show how conditioning soil by MLI systems improve soil health, maize growth and reduces S. spodoptera larval feeding and development.
{"title":"Soil legacies in maize-edible legume intercropping alter maize growth and reduce Spodoptera frugiperda larval feeding","authors":"Abdul A. Jalloh, A. Yusuf, F. Khamis, Sevgan Subramanian, D. Mutyambai","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1300545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1300545","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-soil feedback can influence aboveground interactions between plants and herbivores by affecting plant chemistry. Such interactions can be utilized in pest management. However, cropping systems such as maize-legume intercropping (MLI) can influence these interactions which is not well understood. In this study, we explored effects of MLI systems on soil physico-chemical properties, maize growth, larval feeding and development of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). We used sterile soil and soil conditioned by different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems to explore these interactions. Soil samples that included soil conditioned by different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems were collected from smallholder farmer fields in eastern Kenya, where different MLI and maize-monoculture cropping systems were being practiced. These soil samples were compared with sterile soils for physico-chemical properties using black oxidation and Walkley methods. Three-weeks-old maize plants grown in the different soil treatments in the greenhouse were used for larval feeding and development assays. Neonate S. frugiperda larvae were allowed to feed on maize leaf discs for 24 hours and another set of plants were inoculated with the neonates for 15 days and the larval survival and development monitored. Soil obtained from different maize-edible legume intercropping systems had a higher pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, organic carbon, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, exchangeable acidity, copper, clay and silt compared to maize-monoculture and sterile soil. Maize plants grown in MLI soil had better growth parameters compared to those in maize-monoculture and sterile soils. A high correlation was found between pH and plant biomass, while no significant correlation with other physico-chemical properties was noted. There were significant differences in larval feeding by S. frugiperda neonates when exposed to constitutive and induced maize leaf discs with more leaf tissue fed on maize grown in maize-monoculture and sterile soil. When allowed to feed for 15 days, S. frugiperda larval weight and length were significantly lower on maize plants grown in soils conditioned by MLI than those grown in soil conditioned by maize-monoculture and sterile soils. Findings from this study show how conditioning soil by MLI systems improve soil health, maize growth and reduces S. spodoptera larval feeding and development.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139009880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1235196
Yuvraj Khamare, S. Marble
Weed management in container plant production is a serious problem and remains one of the most expensive and time-consuming aspects of the industry. Weeds cause severe reductions in crop growth due to the limited growing environment characteristic of container plant production. The container nursery industry relies heavily on a limited number of preemergence herbicide options. The use of herbicides as the primary means to manage weeds has resulted in some negative consequences such as high chemical costs, leaching, runoff, and concerns with recycling irrigation water. Additionally, nursery growers are shifting their focus toward different nonchemical weed management strategies because many ornamental plants are very sensitive to preemergence herbicides. One such method is using organic mulch to control weeds in container plant production. Mulching is the foundation of a nonchemical weed management protocol and acts as the first line of defense against weeds. Organic mulches used in container plant production include rice hulls, pine bark, wood chips, wood shavings, coconut coir, nut (peanut, pecan) shells, oyster shells, cacao bean hulls, pelletized newspaper, recycled newspaper, pine straw, and other materials; material selection often depends on the availability of the product. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of existing research on the utilization of various mulch materials as a weed management tool in container plant production. Additionally, it aims to highlight any critical knowledge gaps and provide suggestions for possible future research.
{"title":"Mulching as a weed management tool in container plant production - review","authors":"Yuvraj Khamare, S. Marble","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1235196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1235196","url":null,"abstract":"Weed management in container plant production is a serious problem and remains one of the most expensive and time-consuming aspects of the industry. Weeds cause severe reductions in crop growth due to the limited growing environment characteristic of container plant production. The container nursery industry relies heavily on a limited number of preemergence herbicide options. The use of herbicides as the primary means to manage weeds has resulted in some negative consequences such as high chemical costs, leaching, runoff, and concerns with recycling irrigation water. Additionally, nursery growers are shifting their focus toward different nonchemical weed management strategies because many ornamental plants are very sensitive to preemergence herbicides. One such method is using organic mulch to control weeds in container plant production. Mulching is the foundation of a nonchemical weed management protocol and acts as the first line of defense against weeds. Organic mulches used in container plant production include rice hulls, pine bark, wood chips, wood shavings, coconut coir, nut (peanut, pecan) shells, oyster shells, cacao bean hulls, pelletized newspaper, recycled newspaper, pine straw, and other materials; material selection often depends on the availability of the product. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of existing research on the utilization of various mulch materials as a weed management tool in container plant production. Additionally, it aims to highlight any critical knowledge gaps and provide suggestions for possible future research.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"103 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139008112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1297979
Marcelo L. Moretti, Rafael M. Pedroso
Weed management is often a predominant and costly problem in the production of organic blueberries. Geotextile weed fabrics of woven polyethylene are widely used in organic blueberry fields to suppress weeds growing within the rows. Weeds, such as Convolvulus arvensis L., grow at the base of the blueberry plants or through openings and around the edges of the weed fabric, thus requiring hand weeding. This study evaluates the integration of saturated steam (SS), a rotary brush (RB), and organic herbicides for weed control in blueberries. Dose–response studies indicated that SS applied at 121°C and at 7.4 m3 ha−1 of steam (3,655 MJ ha−1) resulted in over 90% control and a reduction in the dry weights of C. arvensis. When treatments were directed to the base of the blueberry plants, SS at 7.4 m3 ha−1 provided 80% control of C. arvensis 28 days after treatment (DAT) and was comparable to hand weeding. Both of these treatments outperformed capric plus caprylic acid (CC) (33.2 kg ai ha−1) or ammonium nonanoate (AN) (24.3 kg ai ha−1) applications, despite C. arversis regrowth being observed. Four repetitive basal applications of SS of up to 29.6 m3 ha−1 over two consecutive years caused minimal and transient damage to new basal shoots of ‘Elliot’ and ‘Duke’ blueberries; basal shoot cross-sectional area compared with the non-treated was unaffected. In contrast, basal application of AN treatments damaged or killed basal shoots. When treatments were applied to the edge of the weed fabric, SS (7.4 m3 ha−1) reduced weed biomass by 42% to 93% at 28 DAT compared with the non-treated. The RB treatment reduced weed biomass from 72% to 99% in all experiments, while CC and AN reduced biomass by 18% to 54%. A partial budget analysis indicated that SS and the RB were 3- and 6.5-fold less expensive than organic herbicides, respectively. Integrating physical (SS) and mechanical (RB) treatments improved weed control. The latter, however, damaged the weed-suppressing fabric where preexisting holes were present, generated dust, and increased the chance of fruit contamination. The SS was safe for the weed-suppressing fabric and the blueberry, but weed regrowth following treatment and copious water requirements hindered its feasibility.
杂草管理通常是有机蓝莓生产中的一个主要问题，而且成本高昂。有机蓝莓田广泛使用聚乙烯编织的土工织物除草，以抑制行内杂草的生长。杂草，如卷叶芹（Convolvulus arvensis L.），生长在蓝莓植株的基部，或穿过开口和杂草织物的边缘，因此需要人工除草。本研究评估了饱和蒸汽（SS）、旋转刷（RB）和有机除草剂在蓝莓杂草控制中的综合应用。剂量-反应研究表明，在 121°C 温度和 7.4 立方米/公顷-1 蒸汽（3655 兆焦耳/公顷-1）条件下施用饱和蒸汽，可使 C. arvensis 的控制率超过 90%，并降低其干重。当处理针对蓝莓植株基部时，7.4 立方米/公顷的蒸汽能在处理后 28 天（DAT）控制 80% 的 C. arvensis，效果与人工除草相当。这两种处理的效果都优于施用辛酸加辛酸（CC）（33.2 kg ai ha-1）或壬酸铵（AN）（24.3 kg ai ha-1）的效果，尽管还能观察到 arversis 重新生长。连续两年重复施用四次 SS，施用量高达 29.6 立方米/公顷-1，对 "Elliot "和 "Duke "蓝莓基部新芽造成的破坏极小且短暂；与未施药的蓝莓相比，基部新芽横截面积未受影响。相比之下，基部施用 AN 处理会损害或杀死基部嫩枝。当在杂草结构边缘施用处理剂时，SS（7.4 立方米/公顷-1）与未施用处理剂相比，在 28 DAT 时可将杂草生物量减少 42% 至 93%。在所有实验中，RB 处理可使杂草生物量减少 72% 至 99%，而 CC 和 AN 可使生物量减少 18% 至 54%。部分预算分析表明，SS 和 RB 的成本分别是有机除草剂的 3 倍和 6.5 倍。将物理处理（SS）和机械处理（RB）相结合可提高除草效果。但是，后者会损坏已有孔洞的除草织物，产生灰尘，并增加果实受污染的几率。固态除草剂对除草织物和蓝莓都是安全的，但除草后杂草重新生长和大量的水需求阻碍了其可行性。
{"title":"Weed control with saturated steam in organic highbush blueberry","authors":"Marcelo L. Moretti, Rafael M. Pedroso","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1297979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1297979","url":null,"abstract":"Weed management is often a predominant and costly problem in the production of organic blueberries. Geotextile weed fabrics of woven polyethylene are widely used in organic blueberry fields to suppress weeds growing within the rows. Weeds, such as Convolvulus arvensis L., grow at the base of the blueberry plants or through openings and around the edges of the weed fabric, thus requiring hand weeding. This study evaluates the integration of saturated steam (SS), a rotary brush (RB), and organic herbicides for weed control in blueberries. Dose–response studies indicated that SS applied at 121°C and at 7.4 m3 ha−1 of steam (3,655 MJ ha−1) resulted in over 90% control and a reduction in the dry weights of C. arvensis. When treatments were directed to the base of the blueberry plants, SS at 7.4 m3 ha−1 provided 80% control of C. arvensis 28 days after treatment (DAT) and was comparable to hand weeding. Both of these treatments outperformed capric plus caprylic acid (CC) (33.2 kg ai ha−1) or ammonium nonanoate (AN) (24.3 kg ai ha−1) applications, despite C. arversis regrowth being observed. Four repetitive basal applications of SS of up to 29.6 m3 ha−1 over two consecutive years caused minimal and transient damage to new basal shoots of ‘Elliot’ and ‘Duke’ blueberries; basal shoot cross-sectional area compared with the non-treated was unaffected. In contrast, basal application of AN treatments damaged or killed basal shoots. When treatments were applied to the edge of the weed fabric, SS (7.4 m3 ha−1) reduced weed biomass by 42% to 93% at 28 DAT compared with the non-treated. The RB treatment reduced weed biomass from 72% to 99% in all experiments, while CC and AN reduced biomass by 18% to 54%. A partial budget analysis indicated that SS and the RB were 3- and 6.5-fold less expensive than organic herbicides, respectively. Integrating physical (SS) and mechanical (RB) treatments improved weed control. The latter, however, damaged the weed-suppressing fabric where preexisting holes were present, generated dust, and increased the chance of fruit contamination. The SS was safe for the weed-suppressing fabric and the blueberry, but weed regrowth following treatment and copious water requirements hindered its feasibility.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"19 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1244057
Francisco Cafaro La Menza, W. Carciochi
Catch crops (CCs) are crops that grow between two cash crops, accumulating nutrients in their biomass and later releasing them through the decomposition of their residues. To our knowledge, no study has compared the nutrient-related traits of different CCs species. This comparison is essential for understanding the possible roles of CCs in agroecosystems and for optimizing adjustments of fertilizer rates. This study aims to: i) synthesize characteristics of the CCs, such as aboveground dry matter accumulation, nutrient [carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P)] concentration and accumulation, and C:nutrient ratios, ii) explore factors defining the mentioned characteristics, and iii) discuss their implications on the ecosystem services provided. By analyzing data from 52 studies, (98 site-years) in the Argentinean Pampas, we observed that grasses (excluding ryegrass) accumulated the greatest aboveground dry matter (6.08 ± 0.22 t ha-1, mean ± SE) and C (2.60 ± 0.13 t ha-1), making them suitable for protecting the soil surface from erosion, suppressing weeds, and improving C balances. Conversely, vetch accumulated the highest nutrient content (118 ± 5.3, 15 ± 1.5, and 14 ± 1.2 kg ha-1 for N, S, and P, respectively) with the lowest C:nutrient ratio (means of 15:1, 152:1, and 147:1 for N, S, and P, respectively), making it a suitable choice for recycling nutrients and providing extra N. Mixtures presented intermediate characteristics between the monocultures, allowing a balanced provision of the mentioned ecosystem services. Furthermore, the results showed that dry matter accumulation affected the nutrient-related traits analyzed, and it was related to different factors, such as CCs sowing and termination dates or precipitation. The analysis highlights the importance of selecting CCs species based on the desired ecosystem service and provides valuable information for producers as well as for modeling C balances and nutrient cycling.
捕捞作物(CCs)是生长在两种经济作物之间的作物，在其生物量中积累养分，然后通过其残留物的分解释放出来。据我们所知，没有研究比较过不同cc物种的营养相关性状。这种比较对于了解碳汇在农业生态系统中的可能作用和优化肥料用量的调整至关重要。本研究旨在:i)综合地表干物质积累、养分[碳(C)、氮(N)、硫(S)和磷(P)]浓度和积累以及C:养分比例等CCs特征;ii)探索定义上述特征的因素;iii)讨论其对生态系统服务的影响。通过对阿根廷大草原52项研究(98个站点年)的数据分析，我们发现禾草(不包括黑麦草)积累的地上干物质(6.08±0.22 t ha-1，平均±SE)和碳(2.60±0.13 t ha-1)最多，使其适合保护土壤表面免受侵蚀，抑制杂草，改善碳平衡。相反，野豌豆积累的养分含量最高(氮、硫和磷分别为118±5.3、15±1.5和14±1.2 kg ha-1)， C:养分比最低(氮、硫和磷的平均值分别为15:1、152:1和147:1)，使其成为循环养分和提供额外氮的合适选择。混合在单一栽培之间呈现中间特征，允许平衡提供上述生态系统服务。此外，干物质积累对土壤养分相关性状有影响，且与播种终止期、降水等因素有关。该分析强调了基于所需生态系统服务选择CCs物种的重要性，并为生产者以及C平衡和养分循环建模提供了有价值的信息。
{"title":"Catch crops in the Argentinean Pampas: a synthesis-analysis on nutrient characteristics and their implications for a sustainable agriculture","authors":"Francisco Cafaro La Menza, W. Carciochi","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1244057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1244057","url":null,"abstract":"Catch crops (CCs) are crops that grow between two cash crops, accumulating nutrients in their biomass and later releasing them through the decomposition of their residues. To our knowledge, no study has compared the nutrient-related traits of different CCs species. This comparison is essential for understanding the possible roles of CCs in agroecosystems and for optimizing adjustments of fertilizer rates. This study aims to: i) synthesize characteristics of the CCs, such as aboveground dry matter accumulation, nutrient [carbon (C), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P)] concentration and accumulation, and C:nutrient ratios, ii) explore factors defining the mentioned characteristics, and iii) discuss their implications on the ecosystem services provided. By analyzing data from 52 studies, (98 site-years) in the Argentinean Pampas, we observed that grasses (excluding ryegrass) accumulated the greatest aboveground dry matter (6.08 ± 0.22 t ha-1, mean ± SE) and C (2.60 ± 0.13 t ha-1), making them suitable for protecting the soil surface from erosion, suppressing weeds, and improving C balances. Conversely, vetch accumulated the highest nutrient content (118 ± 5.3, 15 ± 1.5, and 14 ± 1.2 kg ha-1 for N, S, and P, respectively) with the lowest C:nutrient ratio (means of 15:1, 152:1, and 147:1 for N, S, and P, respectively), making it a suitable choice for recycling nutrients and providing extra N. Mixtures presented intermediate characteristics between the monocultures, allowing a balanced provision of the mentioned ecosystem services. Furthermore, the results showed that dry matter accumulation affected the nutrient-related traits analyzed, and it was related to different factors, such as CCs sowing and termination dates or precipitation. The analysis highlights the importance of selecting CCs species based on the desired ecosystem service and provides valuable information for producers as well as for modeling C balances and nutrient cycling.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1284887
Johanna Bensch, H. Pannwitt, Bärbel Gerowitt
Arable weeds adapt to any changes in disturbance and management. On arable fields, tilling disturbs the soil, while cropping practices like rotation, pesticide use, fertilizer use, and the use of subsidiary crops characterize the management of the field. On a species level, weeds adapt in their abundance and composition. The species have certain traits to use the on-site resources best. Our objective was to investigate if traits beyond just species describe the adaptation of weeds to tillage and cropping systems. Therefore, we present a use case of weeds on fields cropped with maize in Germany.Over 2 years, we conducted a nationwide weed survey on 577 maize fields. On each field, the abundance of each weed species was counted on 10 randomly sampled square plots of 0.1 m² not treated with herbicides at the fourth to eighth leaf stages of the maize. Weed species frequent on at least 5% of the fields were assigned traits. Traits were taken from published updated databases. We interviewed all farmers about the management practices of their fields.The management practice data identified three management clusters of tillage and cropping sequence on maize fields. The standard system so far is a management system characterized by inversion tillage and maize cropped in rotations (“Traditional”). The two transformation systems are maize cropped in rotations but with non-inversion tillage as the method of soil disturbance (“Conservational”) and maize cropped continuously regardless of the tillage system (“Monoculture”). Ordination techniques showed that both weed species and traits are assigned to these management systems. Traditional disfavored weed species with a greater plant height. Conservational selected dicot weed species with a high seed weight and a long flowering duration. Monoculture mainly filtered monocot weed species and favored weeds that germinate in spring.Our study describes weed responses on transformations of maize cropping in tillage and cropping systems on both the species and the trait level. This application expresses the importance and value of collecting weed surveys with field management data on a geographically widespread and repeated timescale.
{"title":"Traits of weed species present in maize respond to tillage and cropping systems","authors":"Johanna Bensch, H. Pannwitt, Bärbel Gerowitt","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1284887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1284887","url":null,"abstract":"Arable weeds adapt to any changes in disturbance and management. On arable fields, tilling disturbs the soil, while cropping practices like rotation, pesticide use, fertilizer use, and the use of subsidiary crops characterize the management of the field. On a species level, weeds adapt in their abundance and composition. The species have certain traits to use the on-site resources best. Our objective was to investigate if traits beyond just species describe the adaptation of weeds to tillage and cropping systems. Therefore, we present a use case of weeds on fields cropped with maize in Germany.Over 2 years, we conducted a nationwide weed survey on 577 maize fields. On each field, the abundance of each weed species was counted on 10 randomly sampled square plots of 0.1 m² not treated with herbicides at the fourth to eighth leaf stages of the maize. Weed species frequent on at least 5% of the fields were assigned traits. Traits were taken from published updated databases. We interviewed all farmers about the management practices of their fields.The management practice data identified three management clusters of tillage and cropping sequence on maize fields. The standard system so far is a management system characterized by inversion tillage and maize cropped in rotations (“Traditional”). The two transformation systems are maize cropped in rotations but with non-inversion tillage as the method of soil disturbance (“Conservational”) and maize cropped continuously regardless of the tillage system (“Monoculture”). Ordination techniques showed that both weed species and traits are assigned to these management systems. Traditional disfavored weed species with a greater plant height. Conservational selected dicot weed species with a high seed weight and a long flowering duration. Monoculture mainly filtered monocot weed species and favored weeds that germinate in spring.Our study describes weed responses on transformations of maize cropping in tillage and cropping systems on both the species and the trait level. This application expresses the importance and value of collecting weed surveys with field management data on a geographically widespread and repeated timescale.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"34 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.3389/fagro.2023.1293293
Ramandeep Kaur, P. Chahal, Yeyin Shi, Nevin C. Lawrence, S. Knezevic, A. Jhala
Multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in several crops across the USA, including corn. Due to unavoidable weather conditions, it is sometimes not possible for growers to apply pre-emergence herbicide; therefore, post-emergence (POST) herbicide is needed for effective control of MHR Palmer amaranth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of POST herbicides applied at two heights (10-15 cm and 20-30 cm) for MHR Palmer amaranth control and their effect on Palmer amaranth biomass, density, and seed production as well as yield of glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn. Field experiments were conducted at a grower’s field near Carleton, Nebraska, USA in 2020 and 2021. Control of MHR Palmer amaranth was affected by the plant height when herbicides were applied. Glufosinate, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 94% control 30 d after EPOST (DAEPOST), whereas atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S-metolachlor applied to 20-30 cm tall MHR Palmer amaranth provided 85% control in 2021. Glufosinate provided 85% to 90% control when applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth in both years. At 90 DALPOST, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 88% control. Dicamba/tembotrione, atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor, and dicamba applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided 85% to 92% control. Glufosinate, dicamba, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor were the most effective for reducing Palmer amaranth density 2 to 19 plants m−2 when applied to 10-15 cm Palmer amaranth 30 DAEPOST compared with the nontreated control (137 plants m−2) in 2021; however, when applied to 20-30 cm Palmer amaranth, glufosinate, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor reduced density 5 to 19 plants m−2. At 30 DAEPOST, glufosinate and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor had the lowest Palmer amaranth biomass (3-17 g m−2). Corn yield in 2020 was higher than 2021 due to more rain in 2020. All herbicides resulted in a similar yield in 2020. Lower seed production of 6,269 and 1,953 seeds plant-1 for 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm MHR Palmer amaranth were recorded with dicamba and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor.
多重抗除草剂(MHR)苋菜是美国几种作物的麻烦杂草，包括玉米。由于不可避免的天气条件，种植者有时不可能在苗期前施用除草剂;因此，为了有效防治高致病性苋属植物，需要使用苗期后除草剂。本研究的目的是评价两个高度(10-15 cm和20-30 cm)施用POST除草剂对MHR苋菜的控制效果，以及它们对苋菜生物量、密度、种子产量和抗草铵膦/草甘膦玉米产量的影响。田间试验于2020年和2021年在美国内布拉斯加州卡尔顿附近的一个种植者田间进行。施用除草剂时，植物高度对苋菜MHR的防治有影响。草甘膦、麦草畏、麦草畏/双氟唑吡喃和麦草畏/替吡酮在10-15厘米高的帕尔默苋菜经体外post (DAEPOST)后30天的控制率≥94%，而阿特拉嗪/双环吡酮/美索三酮/ s -甲草胺在20-30厘米高的MHR帕尔默苋菜在2021年的控制率为85%。草甘膦在20 ~ 30 cm高的苋菜上施用时，防治效果均为85% ~ 90%。在90 DALPOST时，将麦草畏、麦草畏/氟虫腈和麦草畏/腾溴酮施用于10-15 cm高的苋菜上，控制效果≥88%。麦草畏/天苯三酮、阿特拉津/双环吡酮/中苯三酮/ s -甲草胺和麦草畏分别施用于20-30 cm高的苋菜上，防治效果为85% ~ 92%。2021年，与未处理对照(137株m - 2)相比，施用于10-15 cm的帕尔默苋菜30 DAEPOST的草铵膦、麦草枯和阿特拉嗪/双环吡啶/中三酮/ s -甲草胺最有效地将帕尔默苋菜密度2降低至19株m - 2;然而，当施用于20-30 cm的帕尔默苋菜、草铵膦和阿特拉津/双环酮/中三酮/ s -甲草胺时，密度降低5至19株m - 2。在30 DAEPOST时，草甘膦和阿特拉津/双环酮/中三酮/ s -甲草胺的苋菜生物量最低(3-17 g m−2)。由于2020年降雨较多，2020年玉米产量高于2021年。所有除草剂在2020年的产量都差不多。在10-15 cm和20-30 cm的MHR苋菜中，麦草畏和阿特拉津/双环酮/中三酮/ s -异草胺的种子产量分别为6269粒和1953粒。
{"title":"Effect of plant height on control of multiple herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn","authors":"Ramandeep Kaur, P. Chahal, Yeyin Shi, Nevin C. Lawrence, S. Knezevic, A. Jhala","doi":"10.3389/fagro.2023.1293293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2023.1293293","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple herbicide-resistant (MHR) Palmer amaranth is a troublesome weed in several crops across the USA, including corn. Due to unavoidable weather conditions, it is sometimes not possible for growers to apply pre-emergence herbicide; therefore, post-emergence (POST) herbicide is needed for effective control of MHR Palmer amaranth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of POST herbicides applied at two heights (10-15 cm and 20-30 cm) for MHR Palmer amaranth control and their effect on Palmer amaranth biomass, density, and seed production as well as yield of glufosinate/glyphosate-resistant corn. Field experiments were conducted at a grower’s field near Carleton, Nebraska, USA in 2020 and 2021. Control of MHR Palmer amaranth was affected by the plant height when herbicides were applied. Glufosinate, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 94% control 30 d after EPOST (DAEPOST), whereas atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S-metolachlor applied to 20-30 cm tall MHR Palmer amaranth provided 85% control in 2021. Glufosinate provided 85% to 90% control when applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth in both years. At 90 DALPOST, dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, and dicamba/tembotrione applied to 10-15 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided ≥ 88% control. Dicamba/tembotrione, atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor, and dicamba applied to 20-30 cm tall Palmer amaranth provided 85% to 92% control. Glufosinate, dicamba, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor were the most effective for reducing Palmer amaranth density 2 to 19 plants m−2 when applied to 10-15 cm Palmer amaranth 30 DAEPOST compared with the nontreated control (137 plants m−2) in 2021; however, when applied to 20-30 cm Palmer amaranth, glufosinate, and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor reduced density 5 to 19 plants m−2. At 30 DAEPOST, glufosinate and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor had the lowest Palmer amaranth biomass (3-17 g m−2). Corn yield in 2020 was higher than 2021 due to more rain in 2020. All herbicides resulted in a similar yield in 2020. Lower seed production of 6,269 and 1,953 seeds plant-1 for 10-15 cm and 20-30 cm MHR Palmer amaranth were recorded with dicamba and atrazine/bicyclopyone/mesotrione/S–metolachlor.","PeriodicalId":34038,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Agronomy","volume":"1 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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