罗伯特-托宾与德国 LGBTQ+ 历史的漫长岁月

IF 0.2 3区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS GERMAN QUARTERLY Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI:10.1111/gequ.12435
Alice Kuzniar
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Destabilizing claims to an abiding, undisturbed notion of the self and sexuality, Laplanche spoke of <i>das Andere</i>—the other-thing in us, the otherness of our unconscious, the enigma of sexuality. <i>Das Andere</i> is the internal otherness that we perpetually carry within us and that de-centers us and our sexuality, but that is founded by contact with an external otherness and that we seek out.</p><p>Bob Tobin's academic adventuresomeness, his search for <i>das Andere</i>, endowed his entire scholarly project—in fact, his very presence—with lightness and brightness. His intellectual curiosity and capaciousness led to enormous insights and taught us to pursue our scholarly passions and to seek out novelty; <i>Wissenschaft</i> is <i>fröhlich</i>. Bob and I were both students of Stanley Corngold at Princeton and inherited from him, back in the 1980s, a pleasure in reading against the grain, but with utmost admiration for the texts we were deconstructing. This respect, yet also subversion, are there in Bob's extraordinary contribution to the study not just of Goethe, but also of Christoph Martin Wieland, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Karl Phillip Moritz, Jean Paul Richter, and Thomas Mann, among many other authors. Bob was always a dedicated Corngold protégé—both theory junkie <i>and</i> textual reader. His thinking was brilliantly counterintuitive or <i>verquert</i>; his productive attention to ambiguity made him a fabulous reader. For example, Bob strongly argued that queer desires, which Goethe called both in and against nature, repeatedly come to represent nature itself throughout Goethe's writings, so that the seemingly diametrically opposed notions of homo- and heterosexuality, natural and unnatural, poisonous and curative, inside and outside, collapse into each other.</p><p>Starting with the observation in <i>Warm Brothers</i> that Goethe connects homosexuality to the trope of writing, Bob continued with remarkable consistency in his scholarship to link aesthetics and LGBTQ+ history, as if he were determined to archeologically reconstruct the textual nature of sexuality throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Taking inspiration from Jacques Derrida's “Plato's Pharmacy,” Bob repeatedly returned to the notion of writing as a <i>pharmakon</i>, as having a seductive and bewitching component. In <i>Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex</i> (2015) and subsequent articles, he pointed out the centrality of literature to the study of sexualities, such as with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century readers of Greek, Roman, and Persian texts; the <i>hommes de lettres</i> Károly Mária Kertbeny and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs; Richard Krafft-Ebing and his literary sources; and Hans Blüher and Adolf Brand in their fantasized realities. He reminded us how past and foreign cultures provide a lens through which to both read and celebrate same-sex desires, that is, to generate and mediate longings, as Thomas Mann did in his reception of Friedrich Schiller. Further mindful of diachronic continuities and concerned to address readers outside <i>Germanistik</i>, he concluded <i>Warm Brothers</i> with a chapter on “Made in Germany: Modern Sexualities” and <i>Peripheral Desires</i> with one on “American Legacies of the German Discovery of Sex.” Finally, as well as literary conceptions of sexuality, Bob consistently explored their political, colonial, and medical dimensions.</p><p>But how did we start? I remember Bob's encouraging me to attend the Rutgers queer theory conference back in the early 1990s. That heady visit made me realize that our scholarship had to push boundaries. Along with Simon Richter, we then organized a 1994 Modern Language Association (MLA) session on <i>Outing Goethe and His Age</i>, which became the volume we published with Stanford in 1997. The ballroom was packed; men were making out in the back; and both the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> and the <i>New York Post</i> reported on us. Repeat notoriety for Bob two years later at the MLA when he organized the session on “Goethe's Masochism.” Bob and I both published books in 2000; he with <i>Warm Brothers</i> and I with <i>The Queer German Cinema</i>, which couldn't have been written without his prompting and personal introduction to Rosa von Praunheim. The next year 2001 marked the appearance of Bob's revised dissertation <i>Doctor's Orders: Goethe and Enlightenment Thought</i>. Perennially and belatedly shadowing Bob, I only recently followed his early exploration of eighteenth-century medical history, in particular, the homeopathic dictum that like cures like (<i>similia similibus curentur</i>). 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When I saw him for the last time, at the 2019 Lacan conference at Clark, Bob gave me a private tour of an exhibit he had co-organized on LGBTQ+ history in Worchester, Massachusetts, in recognition of which he received the keys to the city of Worcester. What this exhibit also revealed was that he cultivated a curator's passion for the obscured and enigmatic, <i>das Andere</i>, that needed to be brought to light with pride and dignity. His scholarship had already demonstrated the archivist's pursuit of lesser-known texts, which was amply on display already in <i>Doctor's Orders</i>, with its broad command of Enlightenment medical thought. Indeed, few literary scholars have managed to cross the aisle, even to determine the course of another discipline, as Bob has done for the history of LGBTQ+ sexuality. 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Studying French and German literature allowed me to escape the culturally stultifying and sexually normative confines of late 1970s Canadian suburbia. In the essay “The Theory of Seduction and the Problem of the Other” (1999), Jean Laplanche wrote about sexuality and foreignness in a way that attractively resonates with the term queer. Destabilizing claims to an abiding, undisturbed notion of the self and sexuality, Laplanche spoke of <i>das Andere</i>—the other-thing in us, the otherness of our unconscious, the enigma of sexuality. <i>Das Andere</i> is the internal otherness that we perpetually carry within us and that de-centers us and our sexuality, but that is founded by contact with an external otherness and that we seek out.</p><p>Bob Tobin's academic adventuresomeness, his search for <i>das Andere</i>, endowed his entire scholarly project—in fact, his very presence—with lightness and brightness. His intellectual curiosity and capaciousness led to enormous insights and taught us to pursue our scholarly passions and to seek out novelty; <i>Wissenschaft</i> is <i>fröhlich</i>. Bob and I were both students of Stanley Corngold at Princeton and inherited from him, back in the 1980s, a pleasure in reading against the grain, but with utmost admiration for the texts we were deconstructing. This respect, yet also subversion, are there in Bob's extraordinary contribution to the study not just of Goethe, but also of Christoph Martin Wieland, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Karl Phillip Moritz, Jean Paul Richter, and Thomas Mann, among many other authors. Bob was always a dedicated Corngold protégé—both theory junkie <i>and</i> textual reader. His thinking was brilliantly counterintuitive or <i>verquert</i>; his productive attention to ambiguity made him a fabulous reader. For example, Bob strongly argued that queer desires, which Goethe called both in and against nature, repeatedly come to represent nature itself throughout Goethe's writings, so that the seemingly diametrically opposed notions of homo- and heterosexuality, natural and unnatural, poisonous and curative, inside and outside, collapse into each other.</p><p>Starting with the observation in <i>Warm Brothers</i> that Goethe connects homosexuality to the trope of writing, Bob continued with remarkable consistency in his scholarship to link aesthetics and LGBTQ+ history, as if he were determined to archeologically reconstruct the textual nature of sexuality throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Taking inspiration from Jacques Derrida's “Plato's Pharmacy,” Bob repeatedly returned to the notion of writing as a <i>pharmakon</i>, as having a seductive and bewitching component. In <i>Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex</i> (2015) and subsequent articles, he pointed out the centrality of literature to the study of sexualities, such as with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century readers of Greek, Roman, and Persian texts; the <i>hommes de lettres</i> Károly Mária Kertbeny and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs; Richard Krafft-Ebing and his literary sources; and Hans Blüher and Adolf Brand in their fantasized realities. He reminded us how past and foreign cultures provide a lens through which to both read and celebrate same-sex desires, that is, to generate and mediate longings, as Thomas Mann did in his reception of Friedrich Schiller. Further mindful of diachronic continuities and concerned to address readers outside <i>Germanistik</i>, he concluded <i>Warm Brothers</i> with a chapter on “Made in Germany: Modern Sexualities” and <i>Peripheral Desires</i> with one on “American Legacies of the German Discovery of Sex.” Finally, as well as literary conceptions of sexuality, Bob consistently explored their political, colonial, and medical dimensions.</p><p>But how did we start? I remember Bob's encouraging me to attend the Rutgers queer theory conference back in the early 1990s. That heady visit made me realize that our scholarship had to push boundaries. Along with Simon Richter, we then organized a 1994 Modern Language Association (MLA) session on <i>Outing Goethe and His Age</i>, which became the volume we published with Stanford in 1997. The ballroom was packed; men were making out in the back; and both the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> and the <i>New York Post</i> reported on us. Repeat notoriety for Bob two years later at the MLA when he organized the session on “Goethe's Masochism.” Bob and I both published books in 2000; he with <i>Warm Brothers</i> and I with <i>The Queer German Cinema</i>, which couldn't have been written without his prompting and personal introduction to Rosa von Praunheim. The next year 2001 marked the appearance of Bob's revised dissertation <i>Doctor's Orders: Goethe and Enlightenment Thought</i>. Perennially and belatedly shadowing Bob, I only recently followed his early exploration of eighteenth-century medical history, in particular, the homeopathic dictum that like cures like (<i>similia similibus curentur</i>). In <i>Doctor's Orders</i>, Bob examined how in Goethe's <i>Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre</i> this principle infuses the Tower Society's healing methods of using the irrational beliefs of its patients to cure them (as in the cases of Wilhelm, Mignon, the Harper, and the Beautiful Soul), but with the caveat that by so doing it must not celebrate illness. Again, Bob read against the grain, deploying the notion of the <i>pharmakon</i> to do so. His interpretation remains the most important application of homeopathy in literature to date.</p><p>A final word about Bob's participation in educational and local communities. Over the years, at Whitman College and then Clark University, he was involved with LGBTQ+ student life on campus while teaching human rights and sexuality studies. When I saw him for the last time, at the 2019 Lacan conference at Clark, Bob gave me a private tour of an exhibit he had co-organized on LGBTQ+ history in Worchester, Massachusetts, in recognition of which he received the keys to the city of Worcester. What this exhibit also revealed was that he cultivated a curator's passion for the obscured and enigmatic, <i>das Andere</i>, that needed to be brought to light with pride and dignity. His scholarship had already demonstrated the archivist's pursuit of lesser-known texts, which was amply on display already in <i>Doctor's Orders</i>, with its broad command of Enlightenment medical thought. Indeed, few literary scholars have managed to cross the aisle, even to determine the course of another discipline, as Bob has done for the history of LGBTQ+ sexuality. 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引用次数: 0

摘要

上世纪 90 年代末,当我第一次读到这些文字时,它们让我大开眼界,让我明白了为什么考虑到我的家庭背景,我会投身于外语领域。与我们行业中的许多人不同,我没有德国血统,我的父母也不是学者,我过去是、现在仍然是我们大家族中第一个获得研究生学位的人。学习法语和德语文学让我摆脱了 20 世纪 70 年代末加拿大郊区的文化熏陶和性规范束缚。在《诱惑理论与他者问题》(1999 年)一文中,让-拉普兰什(Jean Laplanche)以一种与 "同性恋者"(queer)一词产生共鸣的引人入胜的方式论述了性与异国情调。拉普兰什颠覆了关于自我和性的持久、不受干扰的概念的说法,他谈到了 "他者"--我们内心的他者,我们无意识中的他者,性的谜团。他的学术冒险精神和对 "他者 "的探寻,为他的整个学术项目--事实上,他的存在--赋予了轻盈和明亮。他的求知欲和宽广的胸怀让我们获得了巨大的启示,也教会了我们要追求学术激情,寻找新颖性;学术是博学的。鲍勃和我都曾是斯坦利-康戈尔德(Stanley Corngold)在普林斯顿大学的学生,早在上世纪八十年代,我们就从他那里继承了一种反传统阅读的乐趣,同时也对我们所解构的文本极为钦佩。鲍勃不仅对歌德,而且对克里斯托夫-马丁-维兰德(Christoph Martin Wieland)、格奥尔格-克里斯托夫-利希滕贝格(Georg Christoph Lichtenberg)、卡尔-菲利普-莫里茨(Karl Phillip Moritz)、让-保罗-里希特(Jean Paul Richter)和托马斯-曼(Thomas Mann)以及其他许多作家的研究都做出了非凡的贡献。鲍勃一直是康戈德的忠实门徒--既是理论迷,又是文本读者。他的思想具有出色的反直觉性或悖论性;他对模糊性的关注使他成为一名出色的读者。例如,鲍勃极力主张,歌德所谓的 "在自然之中 "和 "违背自然 "的同性恋欲望,在歌德的著作中反复代表了自然本身,因此,同性恋和异性恋、自然和非自然、有毒和有疗效、内在和外在这些看似截然相反的概念,都相互坍塌。从《温暖的兄弟》一书中观察到歌德将同性恋与写作的特质联系在一起开始,鲍勃在其学术研究中始终如一地将美学与 LGBTQ+ 历史联系在一起,仿佛他决心要从考古学角度重建十八、十九和二十世纪性的文本性质。鲍勃从雅克-德里达(Jacques Derrida)的《柏拉图的药房》(Plato's Pharmacy)中汲取灵感,反复提到写作是药房的概念,具有诱惑和迷惑的成分。在《外围的欲望》(Peripheral Desires:德国人对性的发现》(2015年)及随后的文章中,他指出了文学在性研究中的核心地位,例如十八和十九世纪希腊、罗马和波斯文本的读者;文学家卡洛里-马里亚-凯尔泰尼(Károly Mária Kertbeny)和卡尔-海因里希-乌尔里希斯(Karl Heinrich Ulrichs);理查德-克拉夫特-艾宾(Richard Krafft-Ebing)和他的文学来源;以及汉斯-布吕赫尔(Hans Blüher)和阿道夫-布兰德(Adolf Brand)的幻想现实。他提醒我们,正如托马斯-曼在接受弗里德里希-席勒(Friedrich Schiller)时所做的那样,过去的文化和外国文化如何提供了一个透镜,通过它来解读和赞美同性的欲望,即产生和调解渴望。他还注意到了非同步的连续性,并关注到了日耳曼文学以外的读者,因此在《温暖的兄弟》的最后一章,他写道:"德国制造:现代性 "一章和 "外围的欲望 "一章,分别论述了 "德国性发现的美国遗产 "和 "外围的欲望"。最后,除了文学上的性观念,鲍勃还不断探索其政治、殖民和医学层面。我记得早在 20 世纪 90 年代初,鲍勃就鼓励我参加罗格斯大学的同性恋理论会议。那次令人兴奋的访问让我意识到,我们的学术研究必须突破界限。随后,我们与西蒙-里希特(Simon Richter)一起,组织了1994年现代语言协会(MLA)关于 "歌德及其时代"(Outing Goethe and His Age)的会议,并在1997年与斯坦福大学合作出版了这本书。宴会厅座无虚席;男人们在后面亲热;《华尔街日报》和《纽约邮报》都报道了我们。两年后,鲍勃在文学和艺术协会组织了 "歌德的受虐狂 "会议,再次声名鹊起。鲍勃和我都在 2000 年出版了书籍;他出版了《温暖的兄弟》,我出版了《同性恋德国电影》,这本书的写作离不开他的推动和对罗莎-冯-普劳恩海姆的个人介绍。2001 年,鲍勃的论文《医生的命令》(Doctor's Orders)修订版问世:歌德与启蒙思想》。
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Robert Tobin and the longue durée of German LGBTQ+ history

Back in the late 1990s when I first read these words, they opened my eyes as to why, considering my family background, I went into the field of foreign languages. Unlike many in our profession, I was not of German heritage, my parents weren't academics, and I was and still am the first in my extended family to earn a graduate degree. Studying French and German literature allowed me to escape the culturally stultifying and sexually normative confines of late 1970s Canadian suburbia. In the essay “The Theory of Seduction and the Problem of the Other” (1999), Jean Laplanche wrote about sexuality and foreignness in a way that attractively resonates with the term queer. Destabilizing claims to an abiding, undisturbed notion of the self and sexuality, Laplanche spoke of das Andere—the other-thing in us, the otherness of our unconscious, the enigma of sexuality. Das Andere is the internal otherness that we perpetually carry within us and that de-centers us and our sexuality, but that is founded by contact with an external otherness and that we seek out.

Bob Tobin's academic adventuresomeness, his search for das Andere, endowed his entire scholarly project—in fact, his very presence—with lightness and brightness. His intellectual curiosity and capaciousness led to enormous insights and taught us to pursue our scholarly passions and to seek out novelty; Wissenschaft is fröhlich. Bob and I were both students of Stanley Corngold at Princeton and inherited from him, back in the 1980s, a pleasure in reading against the grain, but with utmost admiration for the texts we were deconstructing. This respect, yet also subversion, are there in Bob's extraordinary contribution to the study not just of Goethe, but also of Christoph Martin Wieland, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Karl Phillip Moritz, Jean Paul Richter, and Thomas Mann, among many other authors. Bob was always a dedicated Corngold protégé—both theory junkie and textual reader. His thinking was brilliantly counterintuitive or verquert; his productive attention to ambiguity made him a fabulous reader. For example, Bob strongly argued that queer desires, which Goethe called both in and against nature, repeatedly come to represent nature itself throughout Goethe's writings, so that the seemingly diametrically opposed notions of homo- and heterosexuality, natural and unnatural, poisonous and curative, inside and outside, collapse into each other.

Starting with the observation in Warm Brothers that Goethe connects homosexuality to the trope of writing, Bob continued with remarkable consistency in his scholarship to link aesthetics and LGBTQ+ history, as if he were determined to archeologically reconstruct the textual nature of sexuality throughout the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries. Taking inspiration from Jacques Derrida's “Plato's Pharmacy,” Bob repeatedly returned to the notion of writing as a pharmakon, as having a seductive and bewitching component. In Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex (2015) and subsequent articles, he pointed out the centrality of literature to the study of sexualities, such as with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century readers of Greek, Roman, and Persian texts; the hommes de lettres Károly Mária Kertbeny and Karl Heinrich Ulrichs; Richard Krafft-Ebing and his literary sources; and Hans Blüher and Adolf Brand in their fantasized realities. He reminded us how past and foreign cultures provide a lens through which to both read and celebrate same-sex desires, that is, to generate and mediate longings, as Thomas Mann did in his reception of Friedrich Schiller. Further mindful of diachronic continuities and concerned to address readers outside Germanistik, he concluded Warm Brothers with a chapter on “Made in Germany: Modern Sexualities” and Peripheral Desires with one on “American Legacies of the German Discovery of Sex.” Finally, as well as literary conceptions of sexuality, Bob consistently explored their political, colonial, and medical dimensions.

But how did we start? I remember Bob's encouraging me to attend the Rutgers queer theory conference back in the early 1990s. That heady visit made me realize that our scholarship had to push boundaries. Along with Simon Richter, we then organized a 1994 Modern Language Association (MLA) session on Outing Goethe and His Age, which became the volume we published with Stanford in 1997. The ballroom was packed; men were making out in the back; and both the Wall Street Journal and the New York Post reported on us. Repeat notoriety for Bob two years later at the MLA when he organized the session on “Goethe's Masochism.” Bob and I both published books in 2000; he with Warm Brothers and I with The Queer German Cinema, which couldn't have been written without his prompting and personal introduction to Rosa von Praunheim. The next year 2001 marked the appearance of Bob's revised dissertation Doctor's Orders: Goethe and Enlightenment Thought. Perennially and belatedly shadowing Bob, I only recently followed his early exploration of eighteenth-century medical history, in particular, the homeopathic dictum that like cures like (similia similibus curentur). In Doctor's Orders, Bob examined how in Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre this principle infuses the Tower Society's healing methods of using the irrational beliefs of its patients to cure them (as in the cases of Wilhelm, Mignon, the Harper, and the Beautiful Soul), but with the caveat that by so doing it must not celebrate illness. Again, Bob read against the grain, deploying the notion of the pharmakon to do so. His interpretation remains the most important application of homeopathy in literature to date.

A final word about Bob's participation in educational and local communities. Over the years, at Whitman College and then Clark University, he was involved with LGBTQ+ student life on campus while teaching human rights and sexuality studies. When I saw him for the last time, at the 2019 Lacan conference at Clark, Bob gave me a private tour of an exhibit he had co-organized on LGBTQ+ history in Worchester, Massachusetts, in recognition of which he received the keys to the city of Worcester. What this exhibit also revealed was that he cultivated a curator's passion for the obscured and enigmatic, das Andere, that needed to be brought to light with pride and dignity. His scholarship had already demonstrated the archivist's pursuit of lesser-known texts, which was amply on display already in Doctor's Orders, with its broad command of Enlightenment medical thought. Indeed, few literary scholars have managed to cross the aisle, even to determine the course of another discipline, as Bob has done for the history of LGBTQ+ sexuality. And it is the rarest of Germanist*innen who cheerfully addresses a wider public audience, as Bob so readily did.

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GERMAN QUARTERLY
GERMAN QUARTERLY Multiple-
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期刊介绍: The German Quarterly serves as a forum for all sorts of scholarly debates - topical, ideological, methodological, theoretical, of both the established and the experimental variety, as well as debates on recent developments in the profession. We particularly encourage essays employing new theoretical or methodological approaches, essays on recent developments in the field, and essays on subjects that have recently been underrepresented in The German Quarterly, such as studies on pre-modern subjects.
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