Detrital zircon and rutile of southern Mexico Cambrian–Ordovician sandstone: Their significance for sediment provenance and Rheic Ocean evolution

The Cambrian–Ordovician Tiñú Formation of southern Mexico is key for identifying sediment sources along the northern margin of Gondwana, enhancing our understanding of early Paleozoic paleogeography and linking it with age-equivalent units in terranes with Gondwanan affinity. This study integrates detrital zircon U–Pb ages, Hf isotope signatures, and heavy mineral chemical data. U–Pb detrital zircon ages indicate sources from Stenian–Tonian (900–1200 Ma) to Calymmian (1400–1600 Ma) ages. The Stenian to Tonian zircon population, with peak ages around 1.0 Ga and model ages ranging from 1.68 to 1.90 Ga, suggests a provenance from the metaigneous rocks of the Oaxacan and Guichicovi complexes. The presence of the Calymmian zircon population, tourmaline crystals, and rutile grains displaying lower crystallization temperatures compared to the high-temperature rutile from the Oaxacan Complex suggests additional sources. Hf isotope signatures from Calymmian-aged zircon grains, with model ages between 1.95 and 2.30 Ga, match well with the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Catarina Unit in the southern Chiapas Massif Complex. Further potential sources may include the basement of the Putumayo Province in Colombia and igneous rocks from the western Guiana Shield and the Rio Negro-Juruena Province. The Tiñú Formation provenance is comparable to coeval metasedimentary units across the northwestern margin of Gondwana found in Belize, the southern Chiapas Massif Complex, and Guatemala. The Tiñú Formation was likely deposited adjacent to the rifted margin of the Rheic Ocean. The results also emphasize combining U–Pb–Hf isotope analysis and trace elements in detrital zircon and rutile as effective provenance tracers.