Caffeine induces alveolar bone loss in rats submitted to orthodontic movement via activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor ҡB, receptor activator of nuclear factor ҡB ligand, and osteoprotegerin pathway

Introduction

Caffeine is a widely consumed substance with several effects on bone metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine on the bone tissue of rats submitted to orthodontic movement.

Methods

Twenty-five male Wistar rats underwent orthodontic movement (21 days) of the first permanent maxillary molars on the left side. The experimental group (caffeine; n = 13) and control group (n = 12) received caffeine and water, respectively, by gavage. Microcomputed tomography was performed to analyze orthodontic movement. Histologic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrate and osteoclast count by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase were conducted. Maxilla tissue was evaluated for receptor activator of nuclear factor ҡB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Caffeine exhibited a lower bone volume/tissue volume ratio (78.09% ± 5.83%) than the control (86.84% ± 4.89%; P <0.05). Inflammatory infiltrate was increased in the caffeine group compared with the control group (P <0.05). A higher number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells was observed in the caffeine (9.67 ± 1.73) than in the control group (2.66 ± 0.76; P <0.01). Immunoexpression of RANK and RANKL in the caffeine group was greater than the control (P <0.05).

Conclusions

The use of caffeine thermogenic induces alveolar bone loss in rats submitted to orthodontic movement via activation of RANK, RANKL, and osteoprotegerin signaling pathways.