Flash-kinetics as a complementary analytical tool in PAM fluorimetry.

A new measuring system based on the already existing Multi-Color-PAM Fluorimeter (Schreiber et al. in Photosynth Res 113:127-144, 2012) was developed that in addition to standard PAM measurements enables pump-and-probe flash measurements and allows simultaneous measurements of the changes in chlorophyll fluorescence yield (F) during application of saturating flashes (ST). A high-power Chip-on-Board LED array provides ST flashes with close to rectangular profiles at wide ranges of widths (0.5 µs to 5 ms), intensities (1.3 mmol to 1.3 mol 440 nm quanta m^-2 s^-1) and highly flexible repetition times. Using a dedicated rising-edge profile correction, sub-µs time resolution is obtained for assessment of initial fluorescence and rise kinetics. At maximal to moderate flash intensities the flash-kinetics (changes of F during course of ST, STK) are strongly affected by 'High Intensity Quenching' (HIQ), consisting of Car-triplet quenching, TQ, and donor-side-dependent quenching, DQ. The contribution of TQ is estimated by application of a second ST after 20 µs dark-time. Upon application of flash trains (ST sequences with defined repetition times) typical period-4 oscillations in dark fluorescence yield (F₀) and ST-induced fluorescence yield, F_m^ST, are obtained which can be measured in vivo both with suspensions and from the surface of leaves. Examples of application with dilute suspensions of Chlorella and an intact dandelion leaf are presented. It is shown that weak far-red light (730-740 nm) advances the S-state distribution of the water-splitting system by one step, resulting in substantial lowering of F_m^ST and also of the I₁-level in the polyphasic rise of fluorescence yield induced by a multiple-turnover flash (MT). Based on comparative measurements of STK and the polyphasic rise kinetics with the same Chlorella sample, it is concluded that the generally observed lower values of maximal fluorescence yields using ST-protocols compared to MT-protocols are due to a higher extent of HIQ (mainly DQ) and the contribution of variable PSI fluorescence to F_m^ST.