Chrono-nutrition and sleep: lessons from the temporal feature of eating patterns in human studies - A systematic scoping review

An emerging field of research has revealed a bidirectional relationship between sleep and diet, highlighting the potential role of a healthy diet in improving sleep. However, the impact of chrono-nutrition on sleep remains less explored. Here we conducted a systematic scoping review, considering the multiple dimensions of chrono-nutrition, to describe the extent, range, and nature of the existing literature in this area (PROSPERO: CRD42021274637). There has been a significant increase in the literature exploring this topic over the past six years (almost 67 % of the evolving literature). A breakdown of the included studies was performed according to three major chrono-nutritional dimensions: meal timing [n = 35], irregular eating patterns [n = 84], and frequency of eating occasions [n = 3]. Meal timing included three sub-dimensions: breakfast skipping [n = 13], late eating [n = 16], and earlier vs later meals schedules [n = 6]. Irregular meal patterns included three sub-dimensions: diurnal fasting [n = 65], intermittent fasting [n = 16], and daily meal patterns [n = 3]. Frequency was the least studied dimension (n = 3). We provided a synthetic and illustrative framework underlining important preliminary evidence linking the temporal characteristics of eating patterns to various facets of sleep health. Nonetheless, much work remains to be done to provide chrono-nutrition guidelines to improve sleep health in the general population.