Microbiological and Immunological Assessment of Peri-implant Sites in Healthy and Diabetic Individuals After Prosthetic Rehabilitation: A Prospective Case Control Study

Microbial colonization contributes to periodontitis and peri-implantitis with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines like IL 17. This has a vital role in the destructive process of tissue and bone around the implant. Type 2 diabetes mellitus has the potential to increase these microbial colonies thus becoming a risk factor. To compare and correlate the association of peri-implant sulcular microflora and salivary IL-17 between healthy and controlled diabetic individuals. A total of 30 participants who have undergone dental implant placement with screw-retained prosthesis were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups, healthy ( n = 15) and diabetic ( n = 15). The subgingival plaque was collected from peri-implant sites into TE buffer vials and the salivary sample was collected into Eppendorf tubes at the 7th, 14th, and 30th day. Microbiological counts of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T .forsythia, and F. nucleatum were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, and salivary interleukin (IL)-17 levels were obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The bacterial count was increased in both healthy and diabetic individuals but more prevalent in diabetes. The salivary IL-17 levels were increased in diabetic individuals which was statistically significant. Increased microbiota in both healthy and diabetic individuals along with increased IL-17 levels can lead to peri-implantitis which provides an insight into microbiological and immunological aspects in individuals with dental implants further acting as a predictor for peri-implantitis.