A conceptual study of Bhutabhisangaja and Aupsargika Vyadhi w.s.r. to Covid-19

Sushruta emphasized special attention to infections caused by Rakshasa/Bhuta in conditions such as smallpox, Apasmara, and other diseases related to Baalgraha, injuries, and wounds. Charaka focused on contagious diseases, mentioning entities like the Rabies virus (Skand Apasmara), Bhuta influences or possession in contagious diseases (Agantuka Roga), and the use of remedies to ward off Bhuta, destroy Rakshasa, and counteract the effects of Garha. The Atharvaveda also extensively discusses the use of medicines to counteract entities such as Bhuta, subtle microorganisms, and their destructive nature, indicating that the causative agents of diseases in the ancient texts were perceived to be similar to modern concepts of viruses and bacteria. The classification of Bhuta in the context of Unmada and Apasmara in Charaka, as well as the mention of remedies to counteract Bhuta. Sushruta and Vagbhatta also highlighted the impact of Bhuta or Rakshas on the mind, leading to mental symptoms or disorders. Affected individuals may exhibit symptoms or actions beyond human capabilities. However, literary evidence on this topic is scarce. In literature and the Atharvaveda, alluded remedies, substances, Yoga, fumigation, etc., that counteract Bhuta or Rakshas have been established to have anti-bacterial or anti-viral effects. In this context, maintaining cleanliness and hygiene is crucial not only for protection against Bhuta but also for safeguarding against bacteria or viruses.