Future extreme and compound events in Angola: CORDEX-Africa regional climate modelling projections

Angola is exceptionally vulnerable to climate change, and sectors such as health, agricultural, water resources and ecosystems may endure severe impacts. Here, an extensive analysis of the signal of climate change on temperature, precipitation, extremes and compound events, for the end of the 21st century, is presented. The analysis is based on a CORDEX-Africa multi-model ensemble at 0.44° resolution built with 19 individual simulations, which allows a robust study of climate change future projections and depict model's uncertainty. For the RCP8.5, the end of the century future warming can reach maxima values $\sim$ 7 °C for maximum temperature in south-eastern Angola, and 6 °C for minimum temperature. The extreme temperatures (90th percentile) is projected to rise more than 7 °C in southern areas. In general, projections display a rainfall reduction in the drier seasons and a rise in the wet seasons, leading to sharper annual cycles; it is also projected a growth on extreme precipitation (95th percentile), as much as plus $\sim$ 50 % in some coastal regions. Angola is projected to endure in the future more frequent and longer heatwaves and droughts. In agreement with the RCP8.5, up to 10 heatwaves and more 4 moderate droughts will occur, respectively in coastal and interior areas. Finally, the number of days when a compound of heatwave and moderate drought occurs is projected to growth immensely, around +30 % for many regions, which corresponds to multiply by 10 these events in the future. For the RCP4.5, changes are projected to be smaller but significant in what regards especially extremes and compound events. The magnitude of the projected changes for vulnerable countries as Angola constitute an urgent call for global mitigation and national to regional adaptation strategies, and ultimately to a constant effort of updating and deepen the quality of climate information produced.