Dating prograde metamorphism: U–Pb geochronology of allanite and REE-rich epidote in the Eastern Alps

We use U–Pb dating of allanite and REE-rich epidote in three polymetamorphosed units from the Eastern Alps to constrain the timing of prograde metamorphism. All three units (Ennstal, Wölz and Rappold Complex) record several metamorphic cycles (Variscan, Permian and Eoalpine) and presently define an Eoalpine (Cretaceous) metamorphic field gradient from lower greenschist to amphibolite facies. For U–Pb data, a method is introduced to test the magnitude of ²³⁰Th disequilibrium and potentially approximate the Th/U ratio of the reservoir out of which allanite and REE-rich epidote grew. We also show that the modelled stability of epidote-group minerals in the REE-free MnNCKFMASH and MnNCKFMASHTO systems and REE-bearing systems is nearly identical. By combining the stability fields of (clino-)zoisite and epidote modelled in REE-free systems with known geothermal gradients for the region, REE-rich epidote growth is constrained to 200–450 °C and 0.2–0.8 GPa during prograde metamorphism. In the Rappold Complex, allanite cores yield a Variscan age of ca. 327 Ma. In the Ennstal and Wölz Complex, allanite growth during the Permian event occurred at ca. 279–286 Ma. Importantly, recrystallized allanite laths and REE-rich epidote overgrowths in samples from all three units yield prograde Eoalpine ages of ca. 100 Ma, even though these units subsequently reached different peak conditions, most likely at different times. This suggests that all units were buried roughly at the same time during the onset of Eoalpine continental subduction. This interpretation leaves room for the model proposing that diachronous peak metamorphic conditions reported for the field gradient may be related to the inertia of thermal equilibration rather than tectonic processes.