Exploring nucleoside analogs: key targets in the viral life cycle - advancing strategies against SARS-CoV-2

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major reason behind the increased research aimed at the identification of effective antiviral agents. Among these, Nucleoside analogs have shown a promising effect on the inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus replication, the pathogen of COVID-19. Nucleoside analogs are synthetic compounds designed to mimic natural nucleosides, the building blocks of RNA and DNA. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the pivotal role nucleoside analogs play in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. These analogs function by incorporating into the viral RNA during replication, disrupting the synthesis process and preventing the virus from proliferating. Researchers have identified multiple nucleoside analogs exhibiting robust antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, including remdesivir, favipiravir, and molnupiravir. This review explores the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles of these nucleoside analogs. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and limitations associated with their use, including the emergence of resistant viral strains and potential side effects. Additionally, the review delves into ongoing research efforts to optimize nucleoside analogs for enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects. In summary, the article aims to enhance our overall understanding of nucleoside-based treatments by combining information about their chemistry, mechanisms of action, and activation pathways. The goal is to contribute to advancements in addressing emerging viral threats in the future.