A review of the applications of ensemble forecasting in fields other than meteorology

As a scientific approach to solving the uncertainty problems in single deterministic forecasts, ensemble forecasting has been applied in other fields besides meteorology and shows encouraging advantages. To comprehensively understand the applications of ensemble forecasting in other fields, this study offers a brief review. Several related papers are selected and outlined. The ways used to generate ensemble forecasts and the applications of ensemble forecast products in different studies are compared, the existing problems and challenges are discussed, and some suggestions are provided, with the hope that they provide useful references for researchers in related fields.