Mitigating phase changes in the gas-phase that disrupt CO2 capture in membrane contactors: CO2-NH3-H2O as a model ternary system

Solid and liquid products can form in the gas phase of membrane contactors applied to reactive ternary systems for CO₂ absorption, which poses a critical barrier for carbon capture applications. The mechanism initiating these unwanted phase changes in the gas phase is unclear. This study therefore systematically characterises CO₂ absorption in distinct regions of the vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE) within an illustrative ternary system (CO₂-NH₃-H₂O), to provide an explanation for the formation and mitigation of these solid and liquid products in the gas-phase. Unstable CO₂ absorption and increased pressure drop indicated product formation within the gas-phase, which occurred at high CO₂ capture ratios. Temporal analysis of gas-phase composition enabled gas-phase products to be related to the relative ternary composition. This was subsequently correlated to distinct regions of the VLE. Consequently, mitigation strategies can be developed with recognition for where products are least likely to form. Pressurisation was proposed to modify the relative gas-phase ammonia composition to reposition conditions within the VLE. The commensurate increase of CO₂ into the solvent shifts the ammonia-ammonium equilibrium towards ammonium to indirectly reduce vapour pressure. This synergistic strategy allows sustained operation of membrane contactors for CO₂ separation within reactive ternary systems which are critical to delivering carbon capture economically at scale.