评估南非艾丽丝垃圾填埋场土壤中可能有毒的元素及其对生态系统的影响

Nontobeko Gloria Maphuhla, O. Oyedeji
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引用次数: 0

摘要

金属成分对土壤的污染是一个隐蔽的、有害的、长期的和无法弥补的困境。向垃圾填埋场倾倒含有重金属的废物、施用化肥和农药以及燃烧煤炭导致金属元素的高毒性,它们在土壤中的持续积累污染了环境,进而对人类健康构成威胁。随后,对标本进行脱水、矿化处理,并通过扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱仪(SEM/EDX)对其进行仔细的显微镜检查,检查其矿物物质、晶体结构和化学成分。检测到 13 种元素,仅发现 8 种金属(K、Mg、Na、Ca、Al、Fe、Au、Ba),包括非金属(C、O、Cl、P)和一种类金属(Si)。所获得的可能有毒元素的浓度没有显示出一致的连续性,因为它们在所考察的地点之间有波动。铝的浓度从 3.78 ± 0.23 wt% 到 10.23 ± 0.31 wt% 不等,而铁的浓度从 4.14 ± 0.40 wt% 到 13.13 ± 1.07 wt% 不等。所有样本中都含有 Na 和 Mg,但含量极低,不到 2.0 wt%,在 1.44 ± 0.20 wt% 和 0.31 ± 0.08 wt% 之间。所有土壤样本中的钙和钾含量都很低,钙含量在 0.91 ± 0.14 wt% 到 5.56 ± 0.47 wt% 之间,钾含量在 1.32 ± 0.25 wt% 到 4.87 ± 0.18 wt% 之间。这些发现证明研究区域存在金属污染物,因此需要对受金属污染的地点进行适当的监测、管理并采取补救措施,因为该地区的居民由于接触这些元素的机会增多,遭受不良影响的风险大大增加。因此,亟需对该地区进行定期和适当的监测和监管。研究建议采用可持续的耕作方式,农民可以使用天然肥料和堆肥,同时实施适当的废物管理、有效的回收技术,并妥善处理含有重金属的物质副产品。进一步实施补救技术,以环境可持续和经济高效的方式有效、安全地恢复受金属污染的土壤。
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Assessment of Possibly Toxic Elements in Landfill Soils and Their Impacts on the Ecosystem in Alice, South Africa
Soil contamination by metallic components is an obscure, detrimental, protracted, and irreparable predicament. Dumping of waste containing heavy metals into landfills, fertilizer and pesticide application, and coal combustion results in high toxicity of metallic elements, and their continuous accumulation in soil pollutes the environment, which, in turn, poses a threat to human health. The specimens were subsequently dehydrated, processed for mineralization, and carefully examined microscopically by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), which examined their mineral substance, crystalline configuration, and chemical composition. Thirteen (13) elements were detected, and only eight (8) metals were discovered (K, Mg, Na, Ca, Al, Fe, Au, Ba), including non-metals (C, O, Cl, P) and a metalloid (Si). The concentrations of possibly toxic elements obtained showed no consistent succession, as they fluctuated across the examined sites. The Al concentration ranged from 3.78 ± 0.23 wt% to 10.23 ± 0.31 wt%, while the Fe concentration fluctuated from 4.14 ± 0.40 wt% to 13.13 ± 1.07 wt%. Na and Mg levels were present in all samples, but their availability was minimal, at less than 2.0 wt%, ranging between 1.44 ± 0.20 wt% and 0.31 ± 0.08 wt%. The concentrations of Ca and K were low in all soil samples, ranging from 0.91 ± 0.14 wt% to 5.56 ± 0.47 wt% for Ca and from 1.32 ± 0.25 wt% to 4.87 ± 0.18 wt% for K. During the investigation at the designated and control areas, it was discovered that the concentrations of potentially hazardous metals exceeded the accepted limits established by the World Health Organization (WHO) > 100 ppm. The findings provide proof of metallic contaminants in the study region, which calls for proper monitoring, management, and remedial measures of metal-tainted sites, since the residents of this locality are at a significantly elevated risk of experiencing adverse effects due to their heightened exposure to these elements. As a result of that, there is an imperative need to monitor and regulate this area regularly and appropriately. The study recommends sustainable farming practices, where farmers could use natural fertilizers and compost, as well as, the implementation of proper waste management, effective recycling techniques, and proper disposal of substances containing heavy metals as byproducts. Further implement remediation techniques that effectively and safely restore soils contaminated by metals in an environmentally sustainable and economically efficient manner.
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