EFFECTIVENESS OF BACK MASSAGE & LAMAZE BREATHING ON LABOR OUTCOMES AMONG PRIMIGRAVIDA IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITALS, LAHORE PAKISTAN: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL

Labor pain is the most severe pain that first-time pregnant women experience during pregnancy and childbirth. If labor pain and anxiety are not addressed, they can lead to abnormal labor. Although there are many complementary non-pharmacological approaches to coping with labor pain, the quality of evidence is low and the best approaches are not established. This study protocol describes a proposed investigation of the effects of Lamaze breathing exercises and back massage on the labor experiences of first-time pregnant women.