Self-Forgiveness and Gratitude in Recovery from Substance Use Disorders.

Substance use is a multifaceted disorder of the whole person that is manifested on three levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, and spiritual. Previous research has demonstrated that self-forgiveness and gratitude help build personal and social resources and reinforce the process of recovery from substance use disorders. The aims of the present narrative review article were to (a) explore self-forgiveness and gratitude as psychological mechanisms of behavioral change in recovery through the lens of positive criminology and recovery capital approach, (b) review the practice of self-forgiveness and gratitude in the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) programs, and (c) present a conceptual model of self-forgiveness and gratitude in long-term recovery. Self-forgiveness and gratitude have been described as positive emotions and prosocial, empathy-based moral virtues that enhance well-being and health by reinforcing the establishment and maintenance of long-lasting positive relationships with self, others, and spirituality. This effect may occur through different levels and psychological mechanisms. This article contributes to the field by presenting the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and spiritual benefits associated with self-forgiveness and gratitude interventions that can initiate and sustain long-term recovery.